1 Lec DC circuits &

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Network Theorm
RKTiwary
 ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES AND SI UNITS
The International System of Units (SI) will be used
throughout this subject
Four basic quantities and their SI units are listed in
Table 1-1

Table 1-1

other three basic quantities and corresponding SI units

not shown are
are temperature in degrees kelvin (K)
amount of substance in moles (mol),
luminous intensity in candelas (cd)
 The electrical quantities and their symbols commonly
used in electrical circuit analysis are listed in Table 1-2

Table 1-2

All other units may be derived from the seven basic

units
Two supplementary quantities are plane angle also
called phase angle and solid angle
Their corresponding SI units are the radian (rad) and
Eg: In simple rectilinear motion a 10-kg mass is
given a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2.
(a)Find the acting force F.
(b)If the body was at rest at t = 0, x=0, find the
position, kinetic energy, and power for t =4 s.
Sol:
a. F = ma = (10 kg)(2.0m/s2) = 20.0 kg m/s2 =
20.0N

b.
ELECTRIC CHARGE AND CURRENT

current results from charges in motion

in time-variable functions, i(A)= dq/dt(C/s).
The moving charges may be positive or
negative
current flows from a point of high energy
level to a point of low energy level
high potential and low potential respectively
current flows in the opposite direction to that
Eg. If a charge of 25 C passes a given point
in a circuit in a time of 125 ms, determine
the current in the circuit
Eg. If a charge of 25 C passes a given point
in a circuit in a time of 125 ms, determine
the current in the circuit
Eg. If a charge of 25 C passes a given point
in a circuit in a time of 125 ms, determine
the current in the circuit
 Potential difference
The unit of potential difference is the volt, namely the
difference of potential between two points of a
conducting wire carrying a current of 1 ampere, when
the power dissipated between these points is equal to
1 watt.
Electromotive force has the symbol E but has the
same unit

V=P/I
 Potential difference
The unit of potential difference is the volt, namely the
difference of potential between two points of a
conducting wire carrying a current of 1 ampere, when
the power dissipated between these points is equal to
1 watt.
Electromotive force has the symbol E but has the
same unit

It also follows that V=P/I

That is, the p.d. is equal to the energy per unit

charge.
Eg. A circuit delivers energy at the rate of
30 W and the current is 15 A.
Determine the energy of each coulomb of
charge in the circuit.
Eg. A circuit delivers energy at the rate of
30 W and the current is 15 A.
Determine the energy of each coulomb of
charge in the circuit.
Eg. A circuit delivers energy at the rate of
30 W and the current is 15 A.
Determine the energy of each coulomb of
charge in the circuit.

W = VQ = 2 1 = 2 J
Resistance
The unit of electric resistance is the ohm, namely
the resistance between two points of a conductor
when a potential difference of 1 volt, applied
between these
points, produces in this conductor a current of 1
ampere, the conductor not being a source of any
electromotive force

Electric resistance Symbol: R Unit:

ohm ()
V = IR
Power P = I * V = I2R
Also the energy dissipated is given
Eg. A current of 5 A flows in a resistor of
resistance 8 . Determine the rate of heat
dissipation and also the heat dissipated in
30 s.
Eg. A current of 5 A flows in a resistor of
resistance 8 . Determine the rate of heat
dissipation and also the heat dissipated in
30 s.
P = I2R = 52 8 = 200 W
Eg. A current of 5 A flows in a resistor of
resistance 8 . Determine the rate of heat
dissipation and also the heat dissipated in
30 s.
P = I2R = 52 8 = 200 W

W = Pt = 200 30 = 6000 J
Ohms law
One of the most important steps in the
analysis of the circuit
p.d. across the ends of conductors is
proportional to the current flowing between
them
VI
Relation is the mathematical expression of
what is termed Ohms law
V = IR
Eg. A 200 ton train experiences wind
resistance equivalent to 62.5 N/ton. The
operating efficiency of the driving motors
is 0.87 and the cost of electrical energy is
8 p/kW h. What is the cost of the energy
required to make the train travel 1 km?
Eg. A 200 t train experiences wind
resistance equivalent to 62.5 N/t. The
operating efficiency of the driving motors
is 0.87 and the cost of electrical energy is
8 p/kW h. What is the cost of the energy
required to make the train travel 1 km?
In moving 1 km
Wo = Fl = 200 62.5 1000 = 12.5 106 J
Win= Wo/

But 1 kW h = 3.6 106 J, hence

Eg. A 200 t train experiences wind
resistance equivalent to 62.5 N/t. The
operating efficiency of the driving motors
is 0.87 and the cost of electrical energy is
8 p/kW h. What is the cost of the energy
In moving
required to1make
km the train travel 1 km?
Wo = Fl = 200 62.5 1000 = 12.5 106 J
Win= Wo/

But 1 kW h = 3.6 106 J, hence

Win= = 4.0 kW h

Cost of energy = 8.0 4.0 = 32 p

Eg. If the train is supplied at a constant
voltage of 1.5 kV and travels with a
velocity of 80 km/h, what is the supply
current?
Eg. If the train is supplied at a constant
voltage of 1.5 kV and travels with a
velocity of 80 km/h, what is the supply
current?
Work done in 1 h when moving with a velocity of 80
km/h is
(14.4 106 80) J
Eg. If the train is supplied at a constant
voltage of 1.5 kV and travels with a
velocity of 80 km/h, what is the supply
current?
Work done in 1 h when moving with a velocity of 80
km/h is
(14.4 106 80) J
 Resistors
A resistor is a device which provides resistance in an
electrical circuit
All resistors have a power rating
1 W resistor with a resistance of 100 is for 100 mA
W W resistor with 100 is for current of 50 mA

Resistor types
and symbols
Colour coding of resistors
 Series circuits

Simple lamp Incorrect lamp

circuit connection

Observation of a current in a circuit

it can be seen that no matter what voltage is
applied to the input, the current registered on
Investigation of volt drops in a series circuit
Different supply voltages are applied to
the circuit, and it is observed that no matter
what supply voltage is applied, it is always
equal to the sum of the voltmeter readings
across the loads
 V = V1 + V2 + V3
V = IR
Then V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Then : IR = IR1 + IR2 +
IR3
So; R= R1 + R2 + R3
Volt drops It does not matter how
in
a series many resistors are
circuit connected in series, the
relation may be
amended as indicated in
Eg. Calculate for each of the circuits shown
in Fig. the current flowing in the circuit
given that R = 3 k.
Eg. Calculate for each of the circuits shown
in Fig. the current flowing in the circuit
given that R = 3 k.
Inference?
 Inference?

Notice that doubling the circuit

resistance has halved the current
Calculate the voltage across each of
the resistors shown in Fig.and hence
calculate the supply voltage
Calculate the voltage across each of
the resistors shown in Fig.and hence
calculate the supply voltage
Calculate the voltage across each of
the resistors shown in Fig.and hence
calculate the supply voltage
Calculate the voltage across each of
the resistors shown in Fig.and hence
calculate the supply voltage
Calculate the voltage across each of
the resistors shown in Fig.and hence
calculate the supply voltage
For the circuit shown in Fig.,
calculate the circuit current,
given that the supply is 100 V
For the circuit shown in Fig.,
calculate the circuit current,
given that the supply is 100 V
Total resistance
R = R1 + R2 + R3 = 40 + 50 +
70 = 160
For the circuit shown in Fig.,
calculate the circuit current,
given that the supply is 100 V
Total resistance
R = R1 + R2 + R3 = 40 + 50 +
70 = 160
Voltage division between two resistors

Given the supply voltage V, it is required

to determine the volt drop across R1
The total resistance of the circuit is
R = R 1 + R2
and therefore the current in the circuit is

The volt drop across R1 is given by

Hence

The ratio of the voltages therefore

depends on the ratio of the resistances
A voltage divider is to give an output
voltage of 10 V from an input voltage of 30
V as indicated in Fig. Given that R2 = 100 ,
calculate the resistance of R1.
A voltage divider is to give an output
voltage of 10 V from an input voltage of 30
V as indicated in Fig. Given that R2 = 100 ,
calculate the resistance of R1.
A voltage divider is to give an output
voltage of 10 V from an input voltage of 30
V as indicated in Fig. Given that R2 = 100 ,
calculate the resistance of R1.

R1 + 100 = 3 100
= 300
R1 = 200
Parallel networks

Lamp connection

volt drops across each of the lamps

are the same as that of the supply
voltage
 Observation of current in a
Circuits in a simple
network
network

It is always
I = I1 + I2
it is of no consequence how many load units are
connected in parallel; in each case, the volt
drop across each of
the branches is equal to the voltage applied to
the network
 Currents in a parallel network
I = I1 + I2 + I3
Since in general I=V/R

And
Eg. Calculate the supply current to the
network shown
Eg. Calculate the supply current to the
network shown
Eg. Calculate the supply current to the
network shown
Eg. Calculate the supply current to the
network shown
For the network shown in Fig., calculate
the effective resistance and hence the
supply current
For the network shown in Fig., calculate
the effective resistance and hence the
supply current
For the network shown in Fig., calculate
the effective resistance and hence the
supply current

Hence
Current The current is the same The total current
in all supplied to the
parts of the circuit network equals the
I = I1 = I2 = I3 sum of the currents in
the various branches
I = I1 + I2 + I3
Voltage The total voltage equals The voltage across a
the parallel
sum of the voltages across combination is the same
the as the
different parts of the voltage across each
circuit branch
V = V1 + V2 + V3 V = V1 = V2 = V3
Kirchhoffs laws
First (current) law. At any instant the algebraic sum of
the currents at a junction in a network is zero. Different
signs are allocated to currents held to flow towards the
junction and to those away from it.

Second (voltage) law. At any instant in a closed loop,

the algebraic sum of the e.m.fs acting round the loop is
equal to the algebraic sum of the p.ds round the loop.

E = V1 + V 2 +
V3
For the network shown in Fig. , I1 = 2.5 A
and I2 = 1.5 A. Calculate the current I3.
For the network shown in Fig. , I1 = 2.5 A
and I2 = 1.5 A. Calculate the current I3.

By Kirchhoffs law:
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
For the network shown in Fig. , I1 = 2.5 A
and I2 = 1.5 A. Calculate the current I3.

By Kirchhoffs law:
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

I3 = I1 I2 = 2.5 + 1.5
= 1.0 A
Write down the current relationships for
junctions a, b and c of the network shown in
Fig. and hence determine the currents I2, I4
and I5.
Write down the current relationships for
junctions a, b and c of the network shown in
Fig. and hence determine the currents I2, I4
and I5. For junction a:
I 1 I2 I 3 = 0
I 2 = I1 I 3 = 3 1 = 2 A
Write down the current relationships for
junctions a, b and c of the network shown in
Fig. and hence determine the currents I2, I4
and I5. For junction a:
I 1 I2 I 3 = 0
I 2 = I1 I 3 = 3 1 = 2 A
For junction b:
I 2 + I4 I 6 = 0
I4 = I6 I2 = 1 2 = 1
A
Write down the current relationships for
junctions a, b and c of the network shown in
Fig. and hence determine the currents I2, I4
and I5. For junction a:
I 1 I2 I 3 = 0
I 2 = I1 I 3 = 3 1 = 2 A
For junction b:
I 2 + I4 I 6 = 0
I4 = I6 I2 = 1 2 = 1
A
For junction c:
I 3 I4 I 5 = 0
I 5 = I3 I 4 = 1 + 1 = 2 A
Seriesparallel network
For the network shown in Fig.,
determine I1 and I2.
For the network shown in Fig.,
determine I1 and I2.
For the network shown in Fig.,
determine I1 and I2.
For the network shown in Fig.,
determine I1 and I2.

0 = I 2 + I3 I 1
I2 = I1 I3 = 1.5 1 = 0.5 A
For the network shown in Fig., determine
the voltages V1 and V3.
For the network shown in Fig., determine
the voltages V1 and V3.
For loop A:
E = V1 + V2
V1 = E V2 = 12
8=4V
For the network shown in Fig., determine
the voltages V1 and V3.
For loop A:
E = V1 + V2
V1 = E V2 = 12
8=4V
For loop B:
0 = V2 + V3 + V4
Kirchhoffs second
(voltage) law
V3 = V2 V4 = 8
2=6V
For the network shown in Fig., determine
the voltages V1 and V3.
For loop A:
E = V1 + V2
V1 = E V2 = 12
8=4V
For loop B:
0 = V2 + V3 + V4
Kirchhoffs second (voltage) law
V3 = V2 V4 = 8
For loop C: 2=6V
E = V 1 + V 3 + V4
12 = 4 + 6 + 2 = 12
thus confirming the results obtained.
Calculate VAB for the network shown in Fig.
Calculate VAB for the network shown in Fig.

For branch A, let VAC be

the voltage at A with
respect to C:
Calculate VAB for the network shown in Fig.

For branch A, let VAC be

the voltage at A with
respect to C:

For Branch B

Applying Kirchhoffs second law to

loop ABC:
0 = VAB + VBC + VCA = VAB + VBC VAC
VAB = VAC VBC = 7.5 4.0 = 3.5 V
For the network shown in Fig., the power
dissipated in R3 is 20 W. Calculate the
current I3 and hence evaluate R1, R3, I1, I2
and V
For the network shown in Fig., the power
dissipated in R3 is 20 W. Calculate the
current I3 and hence evaluate R1, R3, I1, I2
and V

Potential difference across the 10 resistor is 1 *10 = 10

V. For resistor R3 P = 20 W = 10 * I3 Hence
For the network shown in Fig., the power
dissipated in R3 is 20 W. Calculate the
current I3 and hence evaluate R1, R3, I1, I2
and V

Potential difference across the 10 resistor is 1 *10 = 10

V. For resistor R3 P = 20 W = 10 * I3 Hence
For the network shown in Fig., the power
dissipated in R3 is 20 W. Calculate the
current I3 and hence evaluate R1, R3, I1, I2
and V

Potential difference across the 10 resistor is 1 *10 = 10

V. For resistor R3 P = 20 W = 10 * I3 Hence

P = I23R3 = 20 Thus R3 = 5 & I2 = 2 + 1 = 3 A

For the network shown in Fig., the power
dissipated in R3 is 20 W. Calculate the
current I3 and hence evaluate R1, R3, I1, I2
and V

Potential difference across the 10 resistor is 1 *10 = 10

V. For resistor R3 P = 20 W = 10 * I3 Hence

P = I23R3 = 20 Thus R3 = 5 & I2 = 2 + 1 = 3 A

Potential difference across each of the two 2 resistors is
3 *2 = 6 V. Thus V1 = 6 + 10 + 6 = 22 V & I1 = 5 3 =
2 A & R1 = V1/I1= 22/2=11
For the network shown in Fig., the power
dissipated in R3 is 20 W. Calculate the
current I3 and hence evaluate R1, R3, I1, I2
and V

Potential difference across the 10 resistor is 1 *10 = 10

V. For resistor R3 P = 20 W = 10 * I3 Hence

P = I23R3 = 20 Thus R3 = 5 & I2 = 2 + 1 = 3 A

Potential difference across each of the two 2 resistors is
3 *2 = 6 V. Thus V1 = 6 + 10 + 6 = 22 V & I1 = 5 3 =
2 A & R1 = V1/I1= 22/2=11
Potential difference across the 1 resistor is 5 . 1 = 5 V,
Thanks