SGDU 5024 LEADERSHIP IN

EDUCATION
(GROUP B)
LECTURER : MEJ (B) MUAAZAM BIN MOHAMAD
The Nature of
Leadership
Introduction
Learning Objectives
Understand why leadership has been
defined in so many different ways
Understand the controversy about
differences between leadership and
management
Understand how leadership will be
defined in this discussion
Understand why it is so difficult to
assess leadership effectiveness

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Learning Objectives
Understand the different indicators
used to assess leadership effectiveness
Understand what aspects of leadership
have been studied the most during the
past 50 years
Understand how leadership can be
described as an individual, dyadic,
group, or organizational process
Understand the organization of this
book

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 Defining Leadership

There are almost as many

definitions of Leadership as
there are persons who have
attempted to define the
concept. (Stogdill, 1974)

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The Definition of Leadership
Leadership is the process of influencing
others to understand and agree about
what needs to be done and how to do it,
and the process of facilitating individual
and collective effort to accomplish shared
objective.
Leader, manager and boss are
interchangeable.
Subordinate, direct report, staff are
interchangeable.
Follower > direct report.

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Leadership
A social influence process in
which a person seeks the
voluntary participation of
subordinates in an effort to
achieve organizational
goals

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Leadership
The ability to positively
influence people and
systems to have a meaningful
impact and achieve results

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Definitions of Leadership

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Why leadership has been defined
so many different way

Additional confusion by
imprecise term: power,
authority, management,
administration, control &
supervision.
Specialized role or shared
influence process.

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Additional
Controversy
Specialized role or shared influence
process
Type of influence process
Purpose of influence attempts
Influence based on reason or emotions
Leadership versus management
Direct versus Indirect Leadership

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 Specialized Role or
Shared Influence Process
Specialized Role
Specific leadership role some
functions cannot be shared
Leaders and followers

Shared Influence Process

Naturally occurring
Any member can be a leader at
any time
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Type of Influence
Process
Leadership only occurs when
influence attempts results in
enthusiastic commitment
All types of influence need to
be examined even when
forcing or manipulating
subordinates

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Purpose of Influence
Attempts
Leadership occurs only when
people are influenced to do
what is ethical and consistent
with organizational goals
Look at outcome of the
influence attempts and not
necessarily the leaders
intended purpose.
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Influence Based on Reason or Emotion
Traditional definitions of
leadership emphasize rational,
cognitive processes
Recent views of leadership
emphasize emotional aspects of
influence

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 Direct vs. Indirect Leadership
Direct leadership
Leaders direct influence on immediate
subordinates.
Leaders direct influence on lower-level
employees, peers, bosses, or outsiders
Indirect leadership
Cascading effect of leadership influence
Influence over formal programs,
management systems, and structural forms
Influence over organizational culture

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A Working Definition of
Leadership
Leadership is the process of
influencing others to understand and
agree about what needs to be done
and how to do it, and the process of
facilitating individual and collective
efforts to accomplish shared
objectives.

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 What Leaders Can Influence
The interpretation of external events
by members
The choice of objectives and
strategies to pursue
The motivation of members to
achieve the objectives
The mutual trust and cooperation of
members
The organization and coordination of
work activities
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What Leaders Can Influence
The allocation of resources to
activities and objectives
The development of member skills
and confidence
The learning and sharing of new
knowledge by members
The enlistment of support and
cooperation from outsiders
The design of formal structure,
programs, and systems
The shared beliefs and values of
members 1-19
Leadership
Effectiveness
Performance and growth of leaders
group or organization
Preparedness to deal with challenges or
crises
Satisfaction with the leader
Follower commitment to group
objectives
Psychological well-being and
development of followers
Leaders retention of high status
Leaders advancement to higher
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A Working Definition of
Leadership
Leadership is the process of
influencing others to understand and
agree about what needs to be done
and how to do it, and the process of
facilitating individual and collective
efforts to accomplish shared
objectives.

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Immediate and Delayed Outcomes
Immediate outcomes easy to
measure
Willingness to complete a project
Delayed outcomes difficult to
assess
Influenced by extraneous events
Leader can effect both immediate
and delayed outcomes
May be inconsistent and move in
opposite directions
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Leadership Causal
Chain

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A Working Definition of
Leadership
Leadership is the process of
influencing others to understand and
agree about what needs to be done
and how to do it, and the process of
facilitating individual and collective
efforts to accomplish shared
objectives.

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Key Variables in Leadership
Theories
Characteristics of the Leader

Characteristics of the Follower

Characteristics of the Situation

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 Characteristics of the Leader
Traits (motives, personality, values)
Confidence and optimism
Skills and expertise
Behavior
Integrity and ethics
Influence tactics
Attributions about followers

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Characteristics of the Follower
Traits (needs, values, self concepts)
Confidence and optimism
Skills and expertise
Attributions about the leader
Trust in the leader
Task commitment and effort
Satisfaction with job and leader

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Characteristics of the Situation

Type of organizational unit

Size of unit
Position power and authority of leader
Task structure and complexity
Task interdependence
Environmental uncertainty
External dependencies

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Leadership
is an attitude that comes from within self
the right tools, encouragement, support &
motivation, anyone can find it within
themselves to become good leaders.
Good leaders come from a position of inner
strength, confidence, kindness & consistency
in their deeds. They inspire trust & respect in
others and encourage others to be the best
they can be.
requires wisdom, excellent skills, courage,
calmness, knowledge of the landscape & the
language.
28 FEB 2015 MEJAR (B) MUAAZAM MOHAMAD 29
Causal Relationship Between
Key Variables

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A Working Definition of
Leadership
Leadership is the process of
influencing others to understand and
agree about what needs to be done
and how to do it, and the process of
facilitating individual and collective
efforts to accomplish shared
objectives.

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Demands on
Leadership
Communicate
All leaders have to be able to convey their thought in a clear
and concise manner to their followers.
Team-builder
Leaders must be good team-builders. They must be able to
keep together members from a variety of background,
interest and opposing viewpoints. They get them to focus on a
common mission.
Motivator
One of the prerequisites of good leadership is the ability to
get people to do their best. A leader knows their needs, wants
and interest, and make use of these to convey his feelings to
motivate his followers towards organizational goals.
His goal becomes their goal. It is said that motivated
workforce needs little or no supervision.
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Knowledge-sharing
A leader must be more knowledgeable than his
subordinates. He must also show the followers
this ability through advice and performance.

Enquirer
A leader today practices management by
walking about (MBWA) and moves around and
observes what is happening on the shop floor.
Management through remote control is not
the order of the day!
The very fact that the leader is moving around,
enquiring about his followers problems,
progress and needs, would encourage them to
express their ideas.
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Warmth
A leader loves and cares for his people. Plastic
smiles will not work!

Integrity
This is a quality that can be easily felt by ones
followers. A person of integrity keeps his word.
He can be trusted, especially in difficult
circumstance.
Leaders should also display a high ethical sense
when dealing with others on behalf of the
organization

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Following through
A leader must be tough and have the tenacity to
complete a job. Once a target is set and agreed upon,
all efforts must be made to concentrate energy and
resources to get it done.
How to Lead So Others Follow Willingly, Lunday
(1990)
Communicates and is also a willing listener
Is interested and appreciative
Is honest
Is objective, open-minded and fair
Delegates and trusts subordinates
Motivates and is a team-builder
Is knowledgeable, experienced and has good judgment
Is approachable
Is enthusiastic and positive
Is decisive, courageous and committed.
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 The function of leadership is
to produce more leaders , not
more followers
Ralph Nadar

28 FEB 2015 MEJAR (B) MUAAZAM MOHAMAD 36

Leadership vs. Management

Leaders and managers are

completely different and mutually
exclusive
Managers are concerned with
doing things right (efficiency)
Leaders are concerned with
doing the right things
(effectiveness)
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Leadership vs. Management

Leaders and managers are

different roles but dont have to be
different types of people
Mintzbergs 10 leadership roles
Kotter differentiating between
managers and leaders in terms of core
processes and intended outcomes
Rost view of management as a
authority relationship and leadership
as a multidirectional influence
relationship
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What Is Leadership?
What is management?

management
Use of authority inherent in
designated formal rank to
obtain compliance from
organizational members

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Leadership vs. Management
Leadership Management Remark

Value flexibility, Value stability, Value

innovation & order, & efficiency
adaptation
Concern what things Concern how things Concern
mean to people and get done & get
try to get people to people perform
agree about the better
most important
things to be done.
People do the right People do the things
things. right

Manager is
occupational title.
 Distinguishing
Leadership From Managing
Managing
Engagesindaytoday
caretakeractivities:Maintains
andallocatesresources
Exhibitssupervisory
behaviour:Actstomakeothers
maintainstandardjob
behaviour
Administerssubsystemswithin
organizations
Askshowandwhentoengage
instandardpractice
Leadership
Formulateslongterm
objectivesforreformingthe
system:Plansstrategyand
tactics
Exhibitsleadingbehaviour:
Actstobringaboutchangein
otherscongruentwithlong
termobjectives
Innovatesfortheentire
organization
Askswhatandwhytochange
standardpractice
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 Distinguishing
Leadership From Managing
anothers view

Managing
Usestransactionalinfluence:
Inducescomplianceinmanifest
behaviourActswithin
establishedcultureofthe
organization
usingrewards,sanctions,and
formalauthority
Reliesoncontrolstrategiesto
getthingsdonebysubordinates
Statusquosupporterand
stabilizer
Leadership
Createsvisionandmeaningfor
theorganization
Usestransformationalinfluence:
Induceschangeinvalues,
attitudes,andbehaviourusing
personalexamplesandexpertise
Usesempoweringstrategiesto
makefollowersinternalizevalues
Statusquochallengerandchange
creator

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 Managers Versus Leaders
a 3rd persons view
Managers Leaders
Are appointed to their Are appointed or
position. emerge from within a
Can influence people work group.
only to the extent of Can influence other
the formal authority of people and have
their position.
managerial authority.
Do not necessarily have
Do not necessarily
the skills and
capabilities to be
have the skills and
leaders. capabilities to be
managers.
Leadership is the process of influencing a
group toward the achievement of goals.
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Summary
Most leadership definitions share the
assumption that it involves an
influence process concerned with
facilitating the performance of a
collective task.
No single correct definition of
leadership cover all situations.
To evaluate leadership effectiveness:
followers + stakeholders multiple
criteria
Research coverage for leadership: 44