7.

2 Workshop Practices
Care of Tools, Control of Tools and
Use of Workshop Materials
Objectives: -
At the end of this lesson the student will
be able to understand the standard
practice of tools care, tools control and
the use of workshop materials
Care and Control of Tools

For the manual production of workpieces a technician needs different

tools,dependent on the work to be done.

For measuring and marking out he needs instruments like caliper divider, back
square or steel rule, or tools such as scriber and center punch.

Other tools are used for cutting (shearing tinsnips), chipping (e.g.
files,hacksaw, chisel) or non chipping processes (hammer, rubber or
wooden mallet).
The knowledge about the use, functions, handling and
effects of the tool or measuring instrument is essential
for a technician.

Without this knowledge a work could possibly not be

done, a workpiece not be finished, so that time and
materials are wasted.

To make the identification, finding and the check of

tools and measuring instruments easier, all
workbenches are equipped with the same outfit. This is
stored in every work bench at the same place.

The workbench by itself is a steel frame with four

lockable drawers, topped by a solid wooden plate with
a mounted vice.
Treatment of Workbench Equipment

During the whole course the student is responsible for the workbench and its
equipment. That means, he is in charge if any tool or instrument gets
lost,stolen or broken. He also must take care that the tools or
instruments are not corroding.

Prevention of losses of equipment is simple: check twice daily the content of

the drawers and lock them when leaving the workshop. Do not leave any
equipment on the workbench plate.

In case something got lost or stolen, or the drawers have been forced to pen,
report the case to the instructor immediately. The instructor will report
this to the responsible Officer. If something got broken, report to the
instructor as well.
Cleaning has to be done once a day, before leaving the workshop at closing
time.

For cleaning the workbench plate and the vice, there is a brush in one of the
drawers.

To clean the ground around the workbenches, brooms are available in the
central store.

Corrosion protection has to be done once a week, during the last period in
the workshop before weekend, or whenever necessary.

Preventive measures once a week are, for example, the oiling of the vice
after cleaning.
Daily measures are the oiling of the caliper, the steel rule, the squares
after use.

Finished work pieces must be oiled, as well.

When corrosion effects (rust) are visible this must be reported to the
instructor.

Dependent on the case he will determine the countermeasure and whether

the treatment could be done by the students or has to be performed
by servicing personnel.
Dimensions, Allowances And Tolerances,
Standard of Workmanship
Objectives: -

At the end of this lesson the student will be able to explain the
standard practices on dimensions, allowances and tolerances.
The various terms used to obtain a specified class of fit are defined as follows: -

1. Nominal Size
The size by which the part is commonly referred to.
2. Limit Of Size
Two extremes of sizes for a given dimension and usually referred to as the high and
low limits.
3. Tolerance
The permitted variation in size between the high and low limits.
3.1) Bilateral Tolerance
The high and low limits of size on opposite sides of the nominal dimension.
3.2) Unilateral Tolerance
The high and low limits of size are on one side of the nominal or where the high or
low limit is of nominal size.
4. Allowance
The difference in dimensions between two mating parts.
5. Hole Basis & Shaft Basis
A hole basis requires that the hole is kept constant and the shaft diameter is varied to
give the required fit, whilst the reverse is the shaft basis method.

6. Classification Of Fit
The relationship between the two mating parts determines the classifications of fit
namely:
6.1 Clearance fits

6.2 Interference fits

6.3 Transition fits.

6.1 Clearance Fit
The low limit of size will always be larger than the mating shaft on its high limit giving
positive allowance.
6.2 Interference Fit
When the shaft on its low limit is larger than the mating hole on its high limit and will
have negative allowance.
6.3 Transition Fit
By specifying dimensions within certain limitations it will be possible to produce by
selection, a clearance or interference fit. When these conditions apply the fit
obtained is defined as a transition fit.
 Workshop practices
Calibration of Tools and
Equipment, Calibration Standard
Objectives: -

At the end of this lesson the student will be able to understand the need
and importance of calibration of tools and equipment and their standard.
Calibration of Tools and Equipment, Calibration Standard.

Special tools, such as precision instruments, torque wenches, test

equipment through constant use will wear out and their limits will deviate
from the manufacturers specification limits and requirement.

As such calibration, which involve maintenance, checking and testing of

these special equipment is essential and mandatory to ensure these
equipment meet the manufacturers specification.

The frequency of calibration depends on the usage of the equipment.

Daily and constant use equipment such as micrometers, torque-

wenches etc. might need to be calibrated once a month or quarterly.

Seldom use equipment, such as aircraft weighing equipment, might need

to be calibrated once a year.
The method and procedure of calibration varies from different manufacturers and
must be adhere to.

Once calibrated, a calibration sticker, with the following information: -

(a) Part Number and Serial Number of that equipment.

(b) The date of calibration and the next due date.

(c) Signature or Approval Number / stamp of certifying personnel.

Is attached to that equipment.

Prior to using these equipment, maintenance personnel must check and ensure
these calibration sticker is on that tool or equipment.

Any discrepancies found will render the equipment as defective and must not be
use.

Return equipment to tool-store for re-calibration to be carried out.