CS113: Introduction to Programming

Lecture 4
Todays Lecture
Input function
Output function
Variables
Operators
Input / Output

I/O
Output printf ()
Input scanf ()
printf() function
printf ( String constant , additional arguments);
optional
print formatted
1. Displays text put inside the double quotes
2. Requires backslash character - an escape
sequence - to display some special characters e.g.
\n
3. Uses conversion specifier % character as a place
holder to be filled during printing
4. Returns the number of characters printed
printf()
"% format specifier
specify both the relative location
and the type of output that the
function should produce

A literal percent sign can be copied

into the output using the escape
sequence %%
printf() Example

printf(sum = %d, 3+5) ;

Output: sum = 8
Conversion specifiers

Conversion Displays Argument

Character (Constant or Variables Contents)
as
%c Single character
%d Integer
%e Floating point value in E notation
%f Floating point value (with decimal)
%s String of text
 Field width specifier
%5f
f floating point number (decimal no.)
5 imaginary box preceding decimal point

%.2f
.2 No. of decimal places to the right of decimal
point

What will %4.3 do?

 Be careful !!!
printf(%d %d, i ) ; // Extra specifier

printf(%d, i, j) ; // Extra variables

printf(%f %d, i, j) ; // int i, float j ---

//meaningless output

No compilation error
Escape Sequences
Added within strings
Performs special printing
\n newline
\r carriage return (not common)
\t tab
\a alert (beep)
\\ backslash
\ single quote
\ double quote
scanf()
Like a pattern-matching
function
Matches input with conversion
specifiers
Ignores white-space characters
Space, tab, new line character
scanf () Example
printf(Enter the value of integer);

scanf( "%d", &integer );

scanf(%d%d%f%f, &i, &j, &x, &y);
Input by user: 1 -20 .3 -4.0e3

Common mistake: Skipping the &

symbol
scanf() function
scanf( "%d", &num );
Obtains a value from the user
scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)
This scanf statement has two arguments
%d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
&num - location in memory to store variable
& is confusing in beginning for now, just remember to include
it with the variable name in scanf statements
When executing the program the user responds to the
scanf statement by typing in a number, then pressing
the enter (return) key Ref: Deitel & Deitel
scanf() example
int a;

scanf( %d , &a);
Output

Enter first integer

45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117
 Variable
x=5

Location in memory where a value can be

stored
You may retrieve or modify them when
necessary

Variable x
 Variable name
(Identifier)
Small mailbox (memory)

x 5
 Integer Variables
int means the variables can hold integers
or whole numbers (-1, 3, 0, 47)

int x; // Declaration statement

(Memory is set aside for x at some address)

An integer variable is a variable that can

only hold an integer value.
Variables Assignment
Definitions appear before executable
statements
If an executable statement references an
undeclared variable it will produce a
syntax (compiler) error

x = 10; int x;
int x; x = 10;
// Error // Correct
 Variable names
(Identifiers)
A variable name must begin with a
1. Letter
2. Underscore _ (Not Recommended)
3. The rest can be letters, digits, and
underscores

Can be of any length, first 31 are significant (too

long is as bad as too short).

Are case sensitive:

abc is different from ABC
 Variable
In a program a variable
has:
1. Name

2. Type

3. Size

4. Value
117
Assignment Operator
=
Assigns a value to a variable
Is a binary operator (has two operands)
sum = variable1 + variable2;
sum gets variable1 + variable2;
Variable receiving value on left
printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
Similar to scanf()
%d means decimal integer will be printed
sum specifies what integer will be printed

Calculations can be performed inside printf

statements
printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );
 Assignment
Operator
=
x=2

X
2
L-value
Variables are also known as l-
values.
L-values are values that can be on
the left side of an assignment
statement.
When we do an assignment, the
left hand side of the assignment
operator must be an l-value.
 Assignment
5
Operator
=6 Incorrect
X + 3 = y + 4 Incorrect
Z = x + 4 Correct
x + 4 = Z
Incorrect
 When an l-value has a value
assigned to it, the current
value is overwritten.

X = 10 ; X 10
X = 30 ;
X 30
Reading variables from memory does not change them
 X = X + 1;
X
10 +1

X = 11
 R-values (Opposite of L-
values)
An r-value refers to any value that can be assigned
to an l-value.
R-values are always evaluated to produce a single
value.
Examples
Single numbers (5, which evaluates to 5)
Variables (x, which evaluates to whatever number was last
assigned to it)
Expressions (2+x, which evaluates to the last value of x
plus 2).
#include <stdio.h> // Pre-processor directive

int main ( ) //Starting point of your program

{
int x ;
int y ;
int z ;
x = 10 ; // Assigns value 10 to x
y = 20 ; // Assigns value 20 to y
z=x+y; // Adds x and y and assigns to z

printf( " x = %d ", x ); //Prints x = 10 on the

monitor

printf( " y = %d ", y ); //Prints y = 20 on the

monitor

prinft( " z =x + y = %d", z); // Prints z = x + y = 30

}
Variable declaration

int x, y, z ;
int x; int y; int z
;
Initialize Variables
int x; // Variable declaration
int x = 0; // Initialization

Rule: Always assign values to

your variables when you declare
them.
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic
operators
i+j
x*y
a/b
a%b
% = Remainder

5%2=1
2%2=0

Modulus operator returns remainder

 / = Division
4/2=2
5/2=2

Integer division truncates remainder

Arithmetic Expressions
Operator Precedence
Some arithmetic operators act
before others (i.e., multiplication
before addition)
Use parenthesis when needed
Example: Find the average of
three variables a, b and c
Do not use: a + b + c / 3
Use: (a + b + c ) / 3
Order of Evaluation
(Precedence)
Operator Precedence

Highest: ()
Next: * , / , %
Lowest: +,-
Decision making:
Equality & relational
operators
Executable statements
Perform actions (calculations, input/output of
data)
Perform decisions
May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of a
test grade
if control statement
Simple version in this section, more detail later
If a condition is true, then the body of the if
statement executed
0 is false, non-zero is true
Control always resumes after the if structure
Decision making: Equality &
relational operators
Precedence and
Associativity of operators
Keywords in C

Cannot be used as variable names

Summary
Input
Output
Variables
Operators