Force and Laws of Motion

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03/12/17 By Damodar G. Agni 1

 Concept of Force
Motion can be uniform or non-uniform.
What causes motion ? why does speed of an object
change with time ?
Do all motions require a cause ? if so then what is
the nature of this cause ?
An effort is required to put a stationary object into
motion or to stop a moving object.
Pushing, hitting, pulling is a way of making a
force act on an object.

03/12/17 By Damodar G. Agni 2

 Balanced and Unbalanced Force

Y X X = Y : Balanced
forces. Block will
not move.
Balanced Balanced Unbalanced : Box moves
x=y X=Y X Y= Z

x X X>Y
X
Friction = y Friction= Y Friction= Y
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 First Law of Motion
An object remains in a state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change that state by an applied
force.
In other words, all objects resist a change in
their state of motion.The tendency of
undisturbed objects to stay at rest or to keep
moving with the same velocity is called inertia.
This is why the first law of motion is also known as
the law of inertia.
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 First Law of Motion

A B C D

E..?
O
Object will never reach point E because it is parallel to AD. Marble
will keep on rolling for ever.
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 First Law of Motion

A B C D

The unbalanced force on marble traveling for E is

zero.It thus suggests that an unbalanced (external)
force is required to change the motion of the marble,
h
but no net force is needed to sustain the uniform
motion of the marble.
E..?
O

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 Inertia and Mass
There is a resistance offered by an object to
change its state of motion. This property of
an object is is called its inertia.
It is easier to push an empty box than a box
full of books. This means inertia of empty
box is much less than full box.
The mass of an object is a measure of its
inertia.
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 Second Law of Motion
The impact produced by the objects depends
on their mass and velocity.
This property is called momentum of an
object.
The momentum p of an object is defined as
the product of its mass m and velocity v.
p = mv
Momentum has both direction and magnitude.
SI unit of momentum is kg m / s or kg m s -1
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 Second Law of Motion
Since unbalanced force changes the velocity of the
object, it also changes the momentum of the same
object.
If a car is to be pushed to a speed of 1 m/s to get it
started, initial unbalanced force (push) will hardly
move the car. But if pushed continuously for
some time it gradually will accelerate to the
required speed.
Change of momentum is determined by magnitude
of force AND by the time during which the force
is exerted.
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 Second Law of Motion

The force necessary to change the momentum

of an object depends on the time rate at which
the momentum is changed.
The second law of motion states that the
rate of change of momentum of an object is
proportional to the applied unbalanced
force in the direction of the force.
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 Mathematical Formulation of
Second Law of Motion
Suppose an object of mass m is moving along
a straight line with an initial velocity u.It is
uniformly accelerated to velocity v in time t,
by the application of a constant force F,
throughout the time t. The initial and final
momentum of the object will be
p1 = mu and p2 = mv respectively.

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Mathematical Formulation of Second
Law of Motion
Change of momentum p2 p1
mv mu
m(vu)
The rate of change of momentum m ( v u ) / t
The rate of change of momentum = Applied force
So applied force F m ( v u ) / t
F= km ( v u ) / t
But acceleration a = ( v u ) t
F= kma
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 Mathematical Formulation of
Second Law of Motion
k is known as constant of proportionality. SI unit of mass is
Kg and of acceleration is m s-2. Unit of force is so chosen that
value of k becomes 1. So 1 unit of force is defined as the
amount that produces an acceleration of 1 m s-2 in an object
of 1 kg mass.
1 unit of force = k ( 1 kg ) ( 1 ms-2)
Thus the value of k becomes 1
F= kma
But k = 1
So F= ma
Force = Mass x Acceleration Units kg ms-2
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I.e. newton or N
 Mathematical Statement of First Law of
Motion From the Expression for the
Second Law of Motion
F= ma That is, when F = 0, v = u for
Or F = m ( v u ) whatever time t is taken.This
t means that the object will
Or Ft = mv - mu continue moving, with
uniform velocity u throughout
the time t. If u is zero then v
will also be zero. That is, the
object will remain at rest.
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 Third Law of Motion
When one object exerts a force on another
object, the second object instantaneously
exerts a force back on the first.
These two forces are always equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction.
These forces act on different objects and
never on the same object.
Statement : To every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.( Remember :-
Action and reaction always act on two
different objects.)
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 Conservation of Momentum
b During collision
uA uB

mA mB A B

Before collision FAB

a FBA
Collision time = t
vA vB
UA > UB
mA mB

After collision
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 Conservation of Momentum
Momenta of ball A before and after collision are mAuA and mAvA
Momenta of ball B before and after collision are m BuB and mBvB
The rate of change of As momentum ( for (vA uA )
FAB, action ) during collision will be
mA t

The rate of change of Bs momentum ( for (vB uB )

FBA, reaction ) during collision will be mB
t
Action = Reaction but in opposite direction. So FAB = - FBA (Remember sign )
So.. mA ( vA - uA ) / t = - [ mB ( vB uB ) / t ].. t is common so gets cancelled.
So .. mAvA mAuA = - mBvB + mBuB
So.. mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
mAuA + mBuB = Total momentum of A & B before collision
mAvA + mBvB = Total momentum of A & B after collision
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Total momentum of A & B before collision = Total momentum of A & B after
 Remember
First law of motion : An object continues to
be in a state of rest or uniform motion along a
straight line unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
The natural tendency of objects to resist a
change in their state of rest or uniform motion
is called inertia.
The mass of an object is a measure of its
inertia Its SI unit is kg.
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 Remember
Force of friction always opposes motion of
objects.
Second law of motion : The rate of change of
momentum of an object is proportional to the
applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.
The SI unit for force is kg m s-2.This is also
known as newton and represented by symbol N. A
force of 1 newton produces an acceleration of 1 m
s-2 on an object of mass 1 kg.

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 Remember
The momentum of an object is the product of its
mass and velocity and has the same direction as
that of the velocity. Its SI unit is kg m s-1
Third law of motion : To every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction and they act on
two different bodies.
In an isolated system, the total momentum
remains conserved.

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 Force and Laws of Motion

End Slide

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