Dynamics 70 Workshops

Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS
for ANSYS 7.0
Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS
Inventory Number: 001810
First Edition
ANSYS Release: 7.0
Published Date: March 14, 2003
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Copyright 2003 SAS IP, Inc.
Proprietary data. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.
All Rights Reserved.

Table of Contents Workshop Supplement
Introductory Workshop
DYNAMICS 7.0
Galloping Gertie -------------------------------------------- W-5
Modal Analysis Workshop
Plate with a Hole -------------------------------------------- W-17
Model Airplane Wing -------------------------------------------- W-23
Harmonic Analysis Workshop
Fixed-Fixed Beam -------------------------------------------- W-27
Transient Analysis Workshop
Bouncing Block -------------------------------------------- W-35
Restarting a Transient Workshop
Bouncing Block -------------------------------------------- W-43
Response Spectrum Workshop
Workbench Table -------------------------------------------- W-49
Random Vibration Workshop
Model Airplane Wing -------------------------------------------- W-55
Pre-stressed Modal Analysis Workshop
Pre-Stressed Disc -------------------------------------------- W-61
Modal Cyclic Symmetry Workshop
Spiral Bevel Gear -------------------------------------------- W-67
Marc
Galloping Gertie
Introductory
Workshop
Galloping Gertie Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS 7.0
Objective
To get an idea of the steps involved in a typical dynamic analysis.
The Tacoma Narrows bridge, also known as the Galloping Gertie

is famous for its spectacular collapse in 1940. In this workshop,
we will examine a model of the bridge and calculate its natural
frequencies and mode shapes. We will then simulate the wind
storm and vortex shedding that caused the bridges collapse by
doing a harmonic analysis.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Enter ANSYS in the working directory specified by your instructor.
2. Start by reading input from the file gallop.inp.
Utility Menu: File > Read Input from choose gallop.inp

This will create the model and perform a static analysis to prestress the bridge.
The next step is to do a modal analysis.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
3. Enter Solution and change analysis type to Modal:
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis choose Modal.
4. Set the following analysis options.

Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options...
accept the default (Block Lanczos)
10 modes to extract
10 modes to expand
Calculate element stresses
Include prestress effects press OK

Accept defaults on the next dialog (Options for Block Lanczos Modal Analysis)
5. Solve.
Solution > Solve > Current LS
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
6. Plot the first few mode shapes.
General Postproc > Read Results > By Pick
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ...
Mode 1 SX stress
Mode 3 SX stress
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
7. Enter Solution and choose harmonic analysis.
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis
8. Set the following analysis options.

Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options...
Select the Mode superposition solution method
Defaults for all others (including subsequent dialog box)
9. Set frequency and substep options:

Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Freq and Substps...
Harmonic frequency range = 0 to 0.4
Number of substeps = 40
Stepped boundary conditions
10. Set constant damping ratio = 0.01.

Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Damping
Marc
11. Apply a load vector for mode superposition
DYNAMICS 7.0
with a scale factor of 100.
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Load Vector > For Mode Super
(close the warning message window)
12. Solve: Solution > Solve > Current LS
13. Save the ANSYS database for the Variable

Viewer in Step 14.
Utility Menu: File > Save as Jobname.db
14. Enter POST26 (TimeHist Postproc). The

Variable Viewer will start automatically.
Specify the results file name, i.e. gallop.rfrq,
by clicking on File > Open Results)
Select gallop.rfrq as the results file, then click [Open]
Select gallop.db as the ANSYS database, then click [Open]
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
15. Create a scalar parameter to represent the center node: At command
line type in ncen = node(0,0,0) .
16. Define a variable (a vector) using the Variable Viewer that will contain
the UZ displacements of the center node:
a. Click on the Add Data button
b. Double click on Nodal Solution

and DOF Solution, select Z-
Component of displacement and
enter uz_mid for the Variable
Name, and then click [OK]
c. Enter ncen followed by [Enter]

in the ANSYS Picker Menu, then
[OK]
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
16. (contd).
The Variable Viewer should appear as follows:
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
17. Graph the UZ-displacement vs frequency:
1. Select the line labeled uz_mid and then click on the Graph Data button
18. Close the Variable Viewer and then Exit ANSYS or go to step 19 if time
permits. Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Optional: Continue with the following steps to review the
deformed shape and stresses at 0.07 Hz frequency.
19. Read Input from gallop_more.inp.
20. Enter POST1, read results for load step 1 substep 7, and plot the deformed
shape and stress contours. Repeat for the imaginary part as well.
21. Exit ANSYS.
SEQV stress SEQV stress
Real Part Imaginary Part
Marc
Plate with a Hole
Modal Analysis
Workshop
Plate with a Hole Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Determine the first 10 natural

frequencies of the plate with a hole
shown. Assume the plate to be
radially constrained at the hole. The
plate is made of aluminum, with the
following properties:
Youngs modulus = 10 x 106 psi
Density = 2.4 x 10-4 lbf-sec2/in4
Poissons ratio = 0.27
Marc
Instructions
DYNAMICS 7.0
1. Clear the database and read input from plate.inp to create the model geometry
and mesh.
Utility Menu: File > Clear & Start New press OK, then answer Yes
Utility Menu: File > Read Input from choose plate.inp
2. Define material properties.
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models
Double click through
Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX = 10e6 (Youngs modulus in psi)
PRXY = 0.27 (Poissons ratio)
[OK]
Structural Density
DENS = 2.4e-4 (Density in lbf-sec 2/in4)
[OK]
Exit the material GUI
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
3. Choose modal analysis.
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis choose Modal, then OK
4. Specify analysis options.
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options
Use Block Lanczos method (default)
10 modes to extract
10 modes to expand
Yes to calculate element results press OK
Accept defaults on the next dialog box
5. Radially constrain the hole.
Utility Menu: Plot > Lines
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines
Pick the lines around the hole and press OK in the Picker Menu
6. Start the solution.
Check solution information in the /STAT window, then press OK
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
7. Review results. Start by listing the frequencies.
General Postproc > Results Summary
8. Plot the first mode shape.

General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape
Choose Def + undef edge and press OK
Mode 1
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
9. Plot and animate the next mode shape.
General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set
Utility Menu: Plot > Replot
Utility Menu: PlotCtrls > Animate > Mode Shape
10 frames
Time delay = 0.05
(accept all other defaults)
10. Repeat above step for subsequent mode
shapes.
Mode 6
Marc
Model Airplane Wing
Modal Analysis
Workshop
Model Airplane Wing Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Determine the first five natural frequencies of the model airplane wing
shown. Assume the wing to be fully fixed at Z=0. The wing has the
following properties:
Youngs modulus = 38000 psi
Density = 1.033 x 10-3 slugs/in3 = (1.033E-3)/12 lbf-sec2/in4
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input from wing.inp to create the model
geometry and mesh.
2. Define material properties. Remember to use British in-lb-sec units.
3. Apply boundary conditions. Hint: Choose Apply Displacements on

Areas, pick the Z=0 area, and fix it in all DOF.
4. Extract (and expand) the first four natural frequencies using the
Block Lanczos method.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
5. Review all the mode shapes.
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3 Mode 4
Marc
Fixed-Fixed Beam
Harmonic Analysis
Workshop
Fixed-Fixed Beam Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Determine the harmonic response of a steel beam carrying two

rotating machines which exert a maximum force of 70 lb at
operating speeds of 300 to 1800 rpm. The beam, 10 feet long, is
fully fixed at both ends, and the machines are mounted at its
one-third points. Assume a damping ratio of 2%.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input from beam.inp to create the
beam model.
2. Specify harmonic analysis (full method) .
3. Fix the two ends of the beam and apply the two in-phase harmonic
forces of FY=70 lbs each at the 40-inch and 80-inch points along
the beam.
4. Specify a damping ratio of 0.02 (i.e. 2%).
Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Damping
5. Specify 25 solutions between 5 and 30 Hz (300-1800 rpm).

Remember to step apply the loading.
Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Freq and Substps
6. Obtain the harmonic solution.

Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
7. In Time history post processor
plot UY displacements versus
frequency for the two nodes at
which the forces were applied.
NOTE: Use (Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >

Style > Graphs ) for changing graph
style / settings.
8. Find the critical frequency and
phase angle.
TimeHist Postpro > List Variables
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
9. In General Post processor review the deformed shape of the beam
at the critical frequency and phase angle.
1. Find the load step and substep for the critical frequency:
General Postproc > Result Summary
2. Issue the HRCPLX command to read in the results at the critical

frequency and phase angle:
HRCPLX,1,4,-25.3743
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
9. (continued).
3. Plot the UY displacement:
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu
plns,u,y
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
10. If time permits, repeat the analysis with forces that are 180 out of
phase.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
10. (continued).
HRCPLX,1,21,-98.2155
plns,u,y
Marc
Bouncing Block
Transient Analysis
Workshop
Bouncing Block Workshop Supplement
Description:
DYNAMICS 7.0
A 6x6x1-inch block is dropped on a 100-inch
long beam from a height of 100 inches.
Obtain a graph of the motion of the block as
it bounces on the beam. Assume a gap
stiffness of 2000 lb/in. The beam is fully
fixed at both ends, and the only load is
gravity, 386 in/sec2. The beam and the block
are made of the same material:
Youngs modulus = 1,000,000 psi
Density = 0.001 lbf-sec2/in4
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input from bounce.inp to build the
model.
2. Define a transient analysis (full method)
3. Fix the two ends of the beam in all directions.
4. Use APDL to calculate the integration time step (ITS):
kgap = 2000 - gap stiffness
mgap = 6*6*0.001 = 0.036 - mass of block
pi = acos(-1)
fgap = sqrt(kgap/mgap)/(2*pi) - gap frequency
its = 1/(fgap*30) - integration time step
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
5. Solve using two load steps.
Load Step 1 (for non-zero initial acceleration):
Fix all nodes of the block in all dofs.
Apply an acceleration of 386 in/sec2
In Solution Control menu,
Set analysis to large displacement transient.
Set time=0.001.
2 substeps
Request output of all results for all substeps on the results file
Static solution (time integration effects off) with Step applied load.
Set beta damping of .0003183.
SOLVE
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Load Step 2 ( transient):
Go back to solution control menu and
Time=1.5
Automatic time stepping on, with starting ITS = 0.02, minimum ITS = its
(from step 4) and maximum ITS = 0.02
Transient solution (time integration effects on)
Release the block
SOLVE
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
6. Review results:
Plot the UY displacements of the beam mid-point and the block versus time.
Plot the FY reaction force at one of the constraints versus time.
Animate results over time. Note: To store all the frames needed for animation, you
may need to reduce the size of the graphics window.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
7. Animate results over time.
Note: To store all the frames
needed for animation, you may
need to reduce the size of the
graphics window.
/post1
/focus,,50,50
/dist,,70
/dsca,,1
/eshape,0
inres,nsol
set,first
pldisp
/noerase
*do,t,0.001,1.5,3/50
set,near,,,,t
pldisp
*enddo
/erase
8. Do not exit ANSYS:

You will continue this workshop with a restart later on.
Marc
Bouncing Block
Restarting a Transient
Workshop
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Continue the bouncing block analysis from

the previous exercise. That analysis was
stopped at time=1.5. In this exercise we
will continue to follow the blocks motion
up to time=3.0.
The restart files needed (.r001 /.ldhi /.rdb )

are available from the previous workshop.
The results file from the previous transient

analysis is also available. ANSYS will
append the new results to this RST file as Time = 1.5
load step 3.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions:
1. Continue the ANSYS session from the previous workshop.
2. Solution > Analysis Type > Restart
This will bring up a lister window showing a summary of the

restart files available. Choose the load step and substep number
from this summary.
3. In Solution Control menu under the Time Control section: change

TIME to 3.0 and select Time increment.
4. Solve.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
In Time History postprocessor graph the UY displacement of a
node on the block and a node on the beam again.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
In the general postprocessor animate the bouncing of the block
again.
Animate results over time. Note: To store all the frames needed for
animation, you may need to reduce the size of the graphics window.
Time = 1.5 to 3
Marc
Workbench Table
Response Spectrum
Workshop
Workbench Table Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Determine the displacements and

stresses in a workbench table due
to the acceleration spectrum
shown below.
217 217
Acceleration
150.2
79.5
20 80 200 300
Frequency
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input
from table.inp to create the model
geometry and mesh.
2. Obtain a modal solution (15
modes) and view the first few
mode shapes. Be sure to request
element stress calculations.
Mode 1 Mode 2
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
3. Do a spectrum analysis for the
given acceleration spectrum
applied in the global X direction.
Use the SRSS method of mode
combination.
4. Review displacements and table
top stresses for each load step.
pldisp,2
plns,u,x plns,s,1
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
5. If time permits, repeat the analysis with the spectrum applied in the Y
direction, then in the Z direction.
Marc
Model Airplane Wing
Random Vibration (PSD)
Workshop
Random Vibrations Workshop
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Determine the displacements and stresses of the model airplane

wing due to an acceleration PSD applied to the base of the wing in
Y direction. Assume the wing to be fully fixed at Z=0.
0.1 0.1
Acceleration(G2/Hz)
0.075
0.025
20 100 400 600

Frequency (Hz)
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input
from wing.inp to create the model
geometry and mesh.
2. Define material properties.

Youngs modulus = 38000 psi
Density = 1.033E-3/12 lbf-sec2/in4
3. Apply boundary conditions. Hint:

Choose Apply Displacements on
Areas, pick the Z=0 area, and fix it in
all DOF.
4. Extract (and expand) the first 15

natural frequencies using the Block Mode 1
Lanczos method.
5. Review mode shapes.

Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
6. Perform a PSD Spectrum analysis using the acceleration PSD
shown.
Hint: Be sure to use G2/Hz as the units of the PSD.
7. Specify excitation in the Y direction (by applying unit

displacements in the Y direction at the base nodes).
8. Compute Participation factors.
9. Use PSD mode combination method and SOLVE.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
10. In the general postprocessor look at the relative displacements/ stresses
( Load step 3).
Can you directly use stress contours for, say SZ, to compare to yield stress?
What is in load step 1?
Are equivalent/principal stresses derived from 1 sigma component stresses
valid?
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
11. In Time History Postprocessor create the response PSD for UY at one of the
nodes of the wingtip. Plot on log-log scale.
Hint: When you get into time history postprocessor first issue Store Data and
accept the default. This is required for computing Response PSD.
NODE 182
Marc
Pre-Stressed Disc
Pre-stressed Modal
Workshop
Pre-stressed Disc Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Determine the first ten natural frequencies and mode shapes of the
perforated aluminum disc shown. The disc is constrained at the central
hole both in the radial and out-of-plane directions. A pre-stress exists due
to a radial pressure load of -20 lbs/inch at the perimeter. Properties of the
disc are as follows:
Youngs modulus = 1.0 x 107 psi
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input from disc.inp to create the model
geometry and mesh.
2. Apply displacement constraints: UZ=0 and symmetry b.c. (for radial

constraints) at the central hole. Hint: You will need to use two
menus:
Solution > Define Loads >Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines for the UZ
constraint
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines
for symmetry b.c.
To pick the lines easily, switch to front view and use Circle picking.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
3. Apply the radial load as pressure on
the lines at the perimeter : -20
pounds/inch on the outer edges of the
disc.
Hint: Stay with the front view, use

Circle picking to pick the entire disc,
then use Circle unpicking to unpick all
except the outer edges.
4. Activate pre-stress effects (using the

Analysis Options dialog box), obtain a
static solution, and review results.
plns,s,1
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
5. Switch to modal analysis, activate FREQ = 73.484
pre-stress effects (again), and
extract the first 10 modes of the
pre-stressed disc using the Block
Lanczos method.
6. Review the mode shapes.
7. If time permits, do a second,

stress-free modal analysis (with
pre-stress effects off) and
FREQ = 1.582
compare results. Shown to the
right is the first mode shape for
each case. Can you guess which
one is pre-stressed?
Marc
Spiral Bevel Gear
Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Workshop
Spiral Bevel Gear Workshop Supplement
DYNAMICS 7.0
Description:
Determine the first two natural frequencies

of nodal diameter 2 for the spiral bevel gear
shown. Assume a free-free condition (i.e.,
no displacement constraints). Material
properties of the gear are as follows:
Youngs modulus = 2.9 x 107 psi
Courtesy: Sikorsky Aircraft
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input from bevel.inp
to create the basic sector and define material
properties.
2. Issue the CYCLIC command to automatically
detect the low and high edge components using
BEVEL as the Root name for the components (
Preprocessor > Modeling > Cyclic Sector > Cyclic Model
> Auto Defined )
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
3. Display the current cyclic status:
Preprocessor > Modeling > Cyclic Sector > Cyclic Model > Status
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
4. Define a modal analysis with the following options:
Block Lanczos method
Extract two modes in the frequency range 100 to 10,000
Expand 2 modes
5. Solve for nodal diameter range 2 to 2:

1. Solution > Solve > Cyclic Options
2. Solution > Solve > Current LS
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
6. Expand results to all 53 sectors ( General Postproc > Cyclic Analysis > Cyc
Expansion ). Then read in the results of the first mode shape (General Postproc
> Read Results > First set ). Plot the nodal solution for UZ displacements.
/gline,1,-1
plns,u,z
NOTE: The /CYCEXPAND command actually creates new elements and

nodes for all 53 sectors.
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
7. Plot the vector sum displacement.
plns,u,sum
Marc
DYNAMICS 7.0
8. Execute the ANCYC traveling wave animation:
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Cyc Traveling Wave
No. of frames to create = 25
Time delay = 0.1
Animation Mode = Forward-Reset-Forward
Nodal Solution Data
DOF solution
USUM
[OK]
Marc

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Workshop Supplement

Inventory Number: 001810

Copyright 2003 SAS IP, Inc.

Proprietary data. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

All Rights Reserved.

To get an idea of the steps involved in a typical dynamic analysis.

The Tacoma Narrows bridge, also known as the Galloping Gertie

1. Enter ANSYS in the working directory specified by your instructor.

2. Start by reading input from the file gallop.inp.

Utility Menu: File > Read Input from choose gallop.inp

4. Set the following analysis options.

accept the default (Block Lanczos)

Calculate element stresses

Include prestress effects press OK

8. Set the following analysis options.

9. Set frequency and substep options:

10. Set constant damping ratio = 0.01.

11. Apply a load vector for mode superposition

12. Solve: Solution > Solve > Current LS

13. Save the ANSYS database for the Variable

14. Enter POST26 (TimeHist Postproc). The

a. Click on the Add Data button

b. Double click on Nodal Solution

c. Enter ncen followed by [Enter]

19. Read Input from gallop_more.inp.

21. Exit ANSYS.

SEQV stress SEQV stress

Real Part Imaginary Part

Determine the first 10 natural

8. Plot the first mode shape.

2. Define material properties. Remember to use British in-lb-sec units.

3. Apply boundary conditions. Hint: Choose Apply Displacements on

Determine the harmonic response of a steel beam carrying two

5. Specify 25 solutions between 5 and 30 Hz (300-1800 rpm).

6. Obtain the harmonic solution.

NOTE: Use (Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >

2. Issue the HRCPLX command to read in the results at the critical

8. Do not exit ANSYS:

Continue the bouncing block analysis from

The restart files needed (.r001 /.ldhi /.rdb )

The results file from the previous transient

1. Continue the ANSYS session from the previous workshop.

2. Solution > Analysis Type > Restart

This will bring up a lister window showing a summary of the

3. In Solution Control menu under the Time Control section: change

Determine the displacements and

Determine the displacements and stresses of the model airplane

20 100 400 600

2. Define material properties.

3. Apply boundary conditions. Hint:

4. Extract (and expand) the first 15

5. Review mode shapes.

Hint: Be sure to use G2/Hz as the units of the PSD.

7. Specify excitation in the Y direction (by applying unit

8. Compute Participation factors.

9. Use PSD mode combination method and SOLVE.

2. Apply displacement constraints: UZ=0 and symmetry b.c. (for radial

Hint: Stay with the front view, use

4. Activate pre-stress effects (using the

6. Review the mode shapes.

7. If time permits, do a second,

Determine the first two natural frequencies

Courtesy: Sikorsky Aircraft