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DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Directional drilling is defined as an art and
science involving deflection of a well bore
in a specified direction in order to reach a
predetermined object below the surface of
the earth.
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APPLICATIONS OF DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Mining industry.
Construction industry.
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MULTIPLE WELLS FROM SINGLE
LOCATION
Optimum number of wells can be drilled from
a single platform or artificial island. This
greatly simplifies gathering systems and
production techniques .
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INACCESSIBLE LOCATIONS
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DRILLING TO AVOID GEOLOGICAL
PROBLEMS
A. FAULT DRILLING:
This eliminates the hazard of drilling a
vertical well through steeply inclined fault
plane which could slip and shear the
casing.
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B. SALT DOME DRILLING
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SALT DOME DRILLING
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SIDE TRACKING & STRAIGHTENING
It is used as remedial operation either to side
track obstruction by deviating the well bore
away from obstruction by deviating the well
bore back to vertical by straightening out
crooked holes.
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RELIEF WELL DRILLING
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ERD WELL
Advantages:
1.Increased horizontal displacement from
central platform.
2. Increased penetration length of reservoir.
3. Require less number of wells to develop a
field.
4. Require less number of platforms to
develop a field in offshore.
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ERD WELL
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HORIZONTAL WELL
Advantages:
1.Increasing the drainage area.
2.Prevention of gas coning or water coning
problems.
3.Increased penetration of the producing
formation.
4.Increasing the efficiency of enhanced oil
recovery ( EOR ).
5.Improving productivity in fractured
reservoirs by intersecting a numbers of
vertical fractures.
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HORIZONTAL WELL
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MUTILATERAL DRILLING
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Mutilateral. Drilling
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NON PETROLEUM APPLICATIONS
A. MINING INDUSTRY
- Directional wells are used to produce
methane gas that is contained in coal seams.
- Methane presents a safety hazard and must
be drained off before mining operations can
begin.
-In deep coal seams that are beyond the
reach of conventional mining techniques,
directional wells can be drilled for in situ
gasification projects.
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NON PETROLEUM APPLICATIONS
A. MINING INDUSTRY
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B. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
A small diameter pilot hole is drilled in a
smooth arc beneath the river until it
immerges on the other side. This acts as a
guide for the large diameter pipe forming
the conduit.
The hole is drilled through soft sediments
about 40 below the river bed. This
techniques has been used to cross rivers
up to 200 wide.
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B. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
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C.GEO THERMAL ENGINEERING
High geothermal gradient found in some
rocks( e.g. granite) can be harnessed to
provide energy.
Extracting the heat from this rocks requires
the drilling of injection and production
wells.
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C. GEO THERMAL ENGINEERING
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AZIMUTH
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AZIMUTH
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QUADRANTS
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QUADRANTS
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A radius of 100ft is commonly
used as target zone depending
on particular requirements e.g
a relief well requires much
smaller target in order to be
effective. Smaller the target,
greater number of correction
runs. So longer drilling time ,
high drilling costs. So the
target zone should be as large
as the geologist/reservoir
engineer can allow. DDs job is
then to place the wellbore
within the target zone at
minimum cost
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TYPES OF WELL PROFILES
a. L- TYPE
b. S- TYPE
c. J- TYPE
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TYPE I (BUILD AND HOLD OR L TYPE)
This is the most common and simplest
profile for a directional well.
The well is drilled down vertically to KOP,
where the well is deviated to required
inclination and further maintained to target.
Shallow KOP selected to reduce inclination.
This profile can be applied where large
displacements are required at relatively
shallow target depths.
Under normal condition inclination should be
15 to 55.
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TYPE II (BUILD HOLD AND DROP OR S
TYPE)
This profile is similar to type-I up to tangential
section. Here the profile enters a drop of section
where inclination is reduced and in some cases
becomes vertical as it reaches the target.
More torque and drag can be expected due to the
additional bend.
Used where target is deep but horizontal
displacement is relatively small.
It has also application when completing a well that
intersect multiple producing zones.
Drilling of relief well where it is necessary to run
parallel to wild well 47
Lease or target limitations.
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TYPE III (DEEP KICK OFF AND BUILD J
TYPE)
Initial deflection is started well below the
surface and angle is built up to bottom.
It is used in particular situations like salt dome
drilling, fault drilling and side- tracking or
repositioning of target.
Disadvantages:
Formation may be harder & less
responsive to deflection.
More tripping time to change BHA while
deflecting.
BUR is more difficult to control.
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HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES
HORIZONTAL WELLS ARE CATEGORIZED BY
THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE ADOPTED TO
MAKE THE WELL HORIZONTAL. THEY ARE
ALSO CLASSIFIED BY BUILD UP RATES
WHICH IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO
THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE:
LONG RADIUS
MEDIUM RADIUS
SHORT RADIUS
ULTRA SHORT RADIUS
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HORIZONTAL WELL TYPES
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Long Radius
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Medium Radius
BUILDUP SECTION BETWEEN 8-20/100 OR RADIUS LENGTH
BETWEEN 716 TO 286(218M TO 87M)
ADVANTAGES:-
SUPERIOR IN PRECISION COMPARED TO LONG RADIUS
ACCOMMODATION OF NORMAL/SMALL SIZE M.W.D
TOOLS
ABLE TO DRILL LONG HORIZONTAL SECTION UPTO 5000
DISADVANTAGES:-
TORQUE AND DRAG HIGHER THAN LONG RADIUS
LIMITATION IN COMPLETION AND WORKOVER
OPERATIONS
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HORIZONTAL WELL TYPES
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Short Radius
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HORIZONTAL WELL TYPES
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DROPPING ROTARY ASSEMBLY