Lec 18: Isentropic processes,

TdS relations, entropy changes

1
 For next time:
Read: 7-2 to 7-9
Group project subject selection due on November
3, 2003

Outline:
Entropy generation and irreversible processes
Entropy as a property
Entropy changes for different substances

Important points:
Entropy is a property of a system it is not
conserved and is generated by irreversible
processes
Know how to identify an isentropic processes
Know how to use the tables to find values for
entropy

2
Recall we had entropy

2
q
s 2 - s1 = 1 T int rev

Units kJ Btu
or
are kg K lb m R

3
 Lets look at a simple
irreversible cycle on a p-v
diagram with two processes

P
.2 Let A be
A
irreversible and B
be reversible

.
1 B

4
 Irreversible cycle

Q
By Clausius Inequality
T ) AB 0
Evaluate cyclic integral
2 2
Q Q Q
T cycle

1
T

A

1
T

B
0

(non-rev) (rev)

5
 Irreversible cycle

For the reversible process, B, dS=Q/dT,

thus:
2 2
Q Q
T cycle

1
T

A
dS 0
1

Rearranging and integrating dS:

2
Q
S
1
T A

6
Second Law of Thermodynamics

2
Q
S S 2 S1
1
T A

This can be viewed as a mathematical

statement of the second law (for a
closed system).

Entropy is a non-conserved property!

7
We can write entropy change as an
equality by adding a new term:

2
Q
S 2 S1 S gen
1
T A
entropy entropy entropy
change transfer production
due to or
heat generation
transfer

8
 Entropy generation

Sgen 0 is an actual irreversible process.

Sgen = 0 is a reversible process.
Sgen 0 is an impossible process.

9
 TEAMPLAY

Consider the equation

2
Q
S 2 S1 S gen
1
T A

You have probably heard, Entropy always

increases.
Could it ever decrease? What are the
conditions under which this could happen
(if it can)?

10
 Entropy transfer and production

What if heat were transferred from the

system?
The entropy can actually decrease if
2
Q
1 T A
S gen

and heat is being transferred away

from the system so that Q is negative.

11
 Entropy Production

Sgen quantifies irreversibilities. The

larger the irreversibilities, the greater
the value of the entropy production, Sgen
.

A reversible process will have no entropy

production.

12
 Entropy transfer and production
2
Q
> 0, Q could be + or ; if , T
S gen
1 A

S2 S 1 because Sgen is always positive.

2
< 0, if Q is negative and Q
1 T A
S gen

= 0 if Q = 0 and Sgen = 0.

2
Q
= 0 if Q is negative and 1 T A
S gen

13
 Isentropic processes

Note that a reversible (Sgen = 0),

adiabatic (Q = 0) process is always
isentropic (S1 = S2)

But, if the process is merely isentropic

with S1 = S2, it may not be a reversible
adiabatic process.
2
Q
For example, if Q 0 and T S gen
1 A

14
 Entropy generation

Consider 2
Q
S 2 S1 S gen
1
T A

What if we draw our system boundaries

so large that we encompass all heat
transfer interactions? We would thereby
isolate the system.

15
Entropy changes of isolated systems
And then 0
2
Q
S 2 S1 S gen
1
T A

S 2 S1 S gen
But Sgen0. So, the entropy of an
isolated system always increases. (This is
the source of the statement, The world is
running down.) 16
 Entropy

It is tabulated just like u, v, and h.

Also, s s f x (s g s f )

And, for compressed or subcooled liquids,

s( T , p ) s f ( T )

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The entropy of a pure substance is determined from the tables, just as for
any other property

18
Ts Diagram for Water

19
 TEAMPLAY

Use the tables in your book

Find the entropy of water at 50 kPa and
500 C. Specify the units.
Find the entropy of water at 100 C and
a quality of 50%. Specify the units.
Find the entropy of water at 1 MPa and
120 C. Specify the units.

20
 Ts diagrams

Recall that the P-v diagram was very

important in first law analysis, and that

w pdV

Work was the area under the curve.

21
 For a Ts diagram

Rearrange: Q
dS
T int rev

Integrate: Q int rev TdS

2
Q int rev TdS
1
If the internally reversible process also is
isothermal at some temperature To:
2
Q int rev To dS To S
1 22
On a T-S diagram, the area under the process curve represents the
heat transfer for internally reversible processes

23
 Entropy change of a thermal
reservoir
For a thermal reservoir, heat transfer occurs
at constant temperaturethe reservoir
doesnt change temperature as heat is
removed or added:
Q
S
T
Since T=constant:
Q Applies ONLY to
S thermal
T reservoirs!!!!
24
The Tds Equations

25
 Derivation of Tds equations:

For a simple closed

system:
dQ dW = dU

The work is given by:

dW = PdV

Substituting gives:

dQ = dU + PdV
26
 More derivation.

For a reversible process:

TdS = dQ

Make the substitution for Q in the energy

equation:
TdS = dU + PdV
Or on a per unit mass basis:

Tds = du + Pdv
27
 Tds Equations
Entropy is a property. The Tds expression
that we just derived expresses entropy in
terms of other properties. The properties
are independent of path.We can use the
Tds equation we just derived to calculate
the entropy change between any two
states:
Tds = du +Pdv

Starting with enthalpy, it is possible to

develop a second Tds equation:

Tds = dh - vdP
28
 Lets look at the entropy change
for an incompressible
substance:

We start with the first Tds equation:

Tds = cv(T)dT + Pdv

For incompressible substances, v const, so

dv = 0.
We also know that cv(T) = c(T), so we can
write:
c( T )
ds dT
T 29
 Entropy change of an
incompressible substance

Integrating
T2
c( T )
s 2 s1 dT
T1
T

If the specific heat does not vary with

temperature:
T2
s 2 s1 c ln
T1
30
 TEAMPLAY

Work Problem 7-48

31
 Entropy change for an ideal gas

Start with 2nd Tds equation

Tds = dh - vdp
Remember dh and v for an ideal gas?

dh c p dT And v=RT/p
Substituting:
RT
Tds c p dT dp
p
32
Change in entropy for an ideal gas
Dividing through by T,
dT dp
ds c p R
T p
Dont forget, cp=cp(T)..a function of
temperature! Integrating yields
T2
dT p2
s 2 s1 c p (T ) R ln
T1
T p1

33
 Entropy change of an ideal gas
for constant specific heats:
approximation

Now, if the temperature range is so

limited that cp constant (and cv
constant),

dT T2
c p T c p ln T1
T2 p2
s 2 s1 c p ln R ln
T1 p1
34
 Entropy change of an ideal gas
for constant specific heats:
approximation

Similarly it can be shown from

Tds = du + pdv

that
T2 v2
s 2 s1 c v ln R ln
T1 v1

35
 TEAMPLAY

Work Problem 7-62

36
 Entropy change of an ideal gas
for variable specific heats: exact
analysis
Integrating..
T2
dT p2
s 2 s1 c p (T ) R ln
T1
T p1

To evaluate entropy change, well

have to evaluate the integral:
T2
dT
T c p T
1 37
 Entropy change of an ideal gas
for variable specific heats: exact
analysis
Evaluation of the integral
T2 T2 T1
dT dT dT
T T T0 T T0 p T
c p c p c
1

s (T2 ) s (T1 )
o o

And so(T), the reference entropy, is

tabulated in the ideal gas tables for a
reference temperature of T = 0 and p = 1
atm. 38
Entropy change of an ideal gas for
variable specific heats: exact
analysis

is not.

Only c p dT is tabulated. The c dT
v

p2
So, s 2 s1 s (T2 ) s (T1 ) R ln
o o

p1

39
 Entropy change of an ideal gas

Note that the entropy change of an ideal

gas, unlike h and u, is a function of two
variables.
Only the reference entropy, so, is a
function of T alone.

40
 Sample Problem

A rigid tank contains 1 lb of carbon monoxide

at 1 atm and 90F. Heat is added until the
pressure reaches 1.5 atm. Compute:

(a) The heat transfer in Btu.

(b) The change in entropy in Btu/R.

41
 Draw diagram:

Rigid Tank => volume is

constant

CO: State 2:
m= 1 lbm P = 1.5 atm
State 1:
P = 1atm
T = 90oF

Heat Transfer

42
 Assumptions

Work is zero - rigid tank

kinetic energy changes zero
potential energy changes zero
CO is ideal gas
CO in tank is system
Constant specific heats

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Apply assumptions to conservation
of energy equation

0 0 0
Q W U + KE + PE
For constant specific heats, we
get:
Q = mc v T2 T1
Need T2 > How do we get it?
44
 Apply ideal gas EOS:

P1V1 mRT1 Cancel common

terms...
P2 V2 mRT2

Solve for
T 2:
P2 1.5
T2 T1 90 460 R 825 R
P1 1.0

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 Solve for heat transfer

Btu
Q (1 lb m ) 0.18 825 550 R
lb m R

Q 49.5 Btu

Now, lets get entropy change...

46
 For constant specific heats:
0
T2 v2
S2 S1 m c v ln Rln
T1 v1

Since v2 = v1 T2
S2 S1 c v ln
T1
Btu 825 R
S2 S1 (1 lb m ) 0.18 ln
lb m R 550 R

S2 S1 0.073 Btu/R
47