Introduction to WCDMA

Lec-4
Spreading and De-spreading
 Orthogonal Codes
Correlation

Correlation measures similarity between two arbitrary signals.

Identical and Orthogonal Signals
Spreading and De-spreading Orthogonal Codes
Spreading and De-spreading Orthogonal Codes
Channelization
The channelization operation is the multiplication of each user data bit with a
sequence of code bits called chips.
In WCDMA , after channelization the rate of data stream is 3.84 Mcps and the
required bandwidth is to5MHz relative to the chip rate of 3.84Mcps.
Channelization process is designed to cater for the following tasks:

Separate services from one mobile station or a base station.

Minimize interference among streams transmitted from the same source,

that is cross-correlation should be as low as possible.

The output stream from the channelization process consists

of code sequences or inverse code sequences depending on
the input bit values. Input bit +1 is mapped to the coding sequence,
while input bit -1 is mapped to the inverse coding sequence.
It means that input bits are modulo 2 added with each bit of the code .
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Codes
OVSF Code Tree
Spreading and De-spreading Orthogonal Codes
OVSF Code Tree Usage
Channelization code is used to
distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter.

For downlink, channelization

code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical
channels of one cell.

For uplink, channelization code

( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical
channels of one UE.

The downlink orthogonal codes

within each base station are
managed by the Radio Network
Controller (RNC).
Psuedo-Random Scrambling Codes

Similar OVSF code tree is used by base stations and UEs for channelization in the
respective transmitters. This makes them unsuitable for multiple access (i.e. for
identification of transmitting entities).

Additional step known as scrambling is added in overall spreading process.

The spreaded signal is multiplied chip by chip with a Pseudo Noise sequence. In
WCDMA these PN sequences are category of codes known as Gold codes, that are
example of long codes. These codes are are also known as Scrambling codes.

Every 10msec, radio frame containing 15 x 2560 = 38,400 chips are XORed with
scrambling code of length 38,400. Thus, scrambling does not alter the signal
bandwidth.
 Scrambling Codes
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different
transmitters;

For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different

cells. Out of available 8192 scrambling codes, 512 are
used in practical implementations. To separate base
stations or mobile stations the correlation among
scrambling codes should tend to zero. In case of Gold
codes the cross correlation is low but it does not reach
zero.

For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different

UEs.
A total of 224 scrambling codes are available in the
uplink.
Scrambling code in the uplink are assigned by RNC.

Scrambling codes are not perfectly orthogonal,

but their Cross-correlation is close to zero and
they have excellent Auto-correlation properties.
 Downlink Transmission in a Cell
cation of scrambling codes in downlink direction is done during a system plannin
Uplink Transmission on a Cell