Chapter 18

OBJECTIVES
After studying Chapter 18, the reader should be able to:

1. Prepare for ASE Electrical/Electronic Systems (A6)
certification test content area C (Starting System
Diagnosis and Repair).
2. Describe how the cranking circuit works.
3. Discuss how a starter motor converts electrical
power into mechanical power.
4. Describe the hold-in and pull-in windings of a
starter solenoid.
Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
Electronic, and Computer Systems, Fifth Edition
Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
By James D. Halderman
CRANKING CIRCUIT
For any engine to start, it must first be rotated, using

an external power source.
It is the purpose and function of the cranking circuit
to create the necessary power and transfer it from
the battery to the starter motor that rotates the
engine.

CRANKING CIRCUIT
Modern cranking
circuits include the
following:
1. Starter motor.
2. Battery.
3. Starter solenoid or
relay.
4. Starter drive.
5. Ignition switch.
FIGURE 18-1 A typical

solenoid-operated starter.

CRANKING CIRCUIT
FIGURE 18-2 Some column-mounted ignition switches act directly on the contact
points, whereas others use a link from the lock cylinder to the ignition switch.

CRANKING CIRCUIT
Control Circuit
Many automobile manufacturers
use an electric switch called a
neutral safety switch that opens
the circuit between the ignition
switch and the starter to prevent
starter motor operation unless
the gear selector is in neutral or
park.
FIGURE 18-3 A typical wiring diagram of a

starter circuit.

COMPUTER-CONTROLLED STARTING
The ignition switch start position on the push-to-start button
is used as an input signal to the powertrain control module
(PCM).
Before the PCM cranks the engine, the following conditions
must be met.
The brake pedal is depressed.
The gear selector is in park or neutral.
The correct key fob (code) is present in the vehicle.

Computer-controlled
starting is almost always
part of the system if a push
button start is used.
FIGURE 18-4 Instead of an ignition key to

start the engine, some vehicles are using a
start button which is also used to stop the
engine, as shown on this Jaguar.

This feature allows the
heater or air conditioning
system to start before the
driver arrives.
FIGURE 18-5 The top button on this

key fob is the remote start button.

HOW THE STARTER MOTOR WORKS
A starter consists of the main structural support of a

starter called the main field housing, one end of
which is called a commutator-end (or brush-end)
housing and the other end a drive-end housing.

The commutator-end plate
supports the end containing
the starter brushes.
Through bolts hold the
three components together.
FIGURE 18-6 A typical starter motor.

The starter uses four
brushestwo brushes to
transfer the current from
the field coils to the
armature, and two brushes
to provide the ground return
path for the current that
flows through the armature.
FIGURE 18-7 This series-wound electric motor shows

the basic operation with only two brushes: one hot
brush and one ground brush. The current flows
through both field coils, then through the hot brush and
through the loop winding of the armature before
reaching ground through the ground brush.

HOW MAGNETIC FIELDS TURN AN ARMATURE
One basic principle of electromagnetism is that a

magnetic field surrounds every conductor carrying a
current.
Inside the starter housing is a strong magnetic field
created by the field coil magnets.

Inside the starter housing is a strong magnetic field
created by the field coil magnets.
FIGURE 18-8 The interaction

of the magnetic fields of the
armature loops and field coils
creates a stronger magnetic
field on the right side of the
conductor, causing the
armature loop to move toward
the left.

FIGURE 18-9 The armature loops rotate due to the difference in the
strength of the magnetic field. The loops move from a strong magnetic field
strength toward a weaker magnetic field strength.
The magnetic field of the
starter motor is provided by
two or more pole shoes and
field windings.
The pole shoes are made
of iron and are attached to
the frame with large
screws.
FIGURE 18-10 Pole shoes and field windings

installed in the housing.

Paths of magnetic flux lines
within a four-pole motor.
FIGURE 18-11 Magnetic lines of force in a

four-pole motor.

The field windings are
usually made of a heavy
copper ribbon to increase
their current-carrying
capacity and
electromagnetic field
strength.
FIGURE 18-12 A pole shoe and field winding.

TYPES OF STARTER MOTORS
Starter motors must provide high power at low starter motor speeds to
crank an automotive engine at all temperatures and at the cranking
speed required for the engine to start (60 to 250 engine RPM).
Many starter motors are series wound, which means that the current flows
first through the field coils, then in series through the armature, and finally to
a ground through the ground brushes.
FIGURE 18-13 This wiring diagram illustrates the construction of a

series-wound electric motor. Notice that all current flows through the field coils,
then through the armature (in series) before reaching ground.

Series Motors
A series motor develops its maximum torque at the
initial start (0 RPM) and develops less torque as the
speed increases.
Because the power (torque) of the starter depends
on the strength of the magnetic fields, the torque of
the starter decreases as the starter speed
increases.

Shunt Motors
Shunt-type electric motors have the field coils in parallel
(or shunt) across the armature.
FIGURE 18-14 This wiring diagram illustrates the construction of a shunt-type

electric motor. Shunt-type electric motors have the field coils in parallel
(or shunt) across the armature as shown.

Compound Motors
A compound-wound, or compound, motor has the operating
characteristics of a series motor and a shunt-type motor, because
some of the field coils are connected to the armature in series and
some (usually only one) are connected directly to the battery in
parallel (shunt) with the armature.
FIGURE 18-15 A compound motor is a combination of series and shunt

types, using part of the field coils connected electrically in series with the
armature and some in parallel (shunt).

ARMATURE AND COMMUTATOR ASSEMBLY
The motor armature has a laminated core.
FIGURE 18-16 A typical starter motor armature.

Motor armatures are

connected to the
commutator in one of two
ways.
In a lap winding, the two
ends of each conductor are
attached to two adjacent
commutator bars.
FIGURE 18-17 An armature lap winding.

The armature core,

windings, and commutator
are assembled on a long
armature shaft.
This shaft also carries the
pinion gear that meshes
with the engine flywheel
ring gear.
FIGURE 18-18 The pinion gear meshes with

the flywheel ring gear.
Most automotive starters have two grounded and two

insulated brushes, which are held against the commutator
by spring force.
FIGURE 18-19 A cutaway of a typical starter motor.

PERMANENT-MAGNET FIELDS
The permanent-magnet, planetary-drive starter motor is the
first significant advance in starter design in decades.
This eliminates the motor field circuit, which in turn
eliminates the potential for field wire-to-frame shorts, field
coil welding, and other electrical problems.

DONT HIT THAT STARTER!
If struck with a heavy tool,
the magnets could be
broken with parts of the
magnet falling onto the
armature and into the
bearing pockets, making
the starter impossible to
repair or rebuild.
FIGURE 18-20 This starter permanent-

magnet field housing was ruined when
someone used a hammer on the field
housing in an attempt to fix a starter that
would not work. A total replacement is the
only solution in this case.

GEAR-REDUCTION STARTERS
The purpose of the gear reduction (typically 2:1 to 4:1) is
to increase starter motor speed and provide the torque
multiplication necessary to crank an engine.
FIGURE 18-21 Chrysler was one of the first FIGURE 18-22 Many gear-reduction
vehicle manufacturers to starters use a planetary gear reduction
use a gear-reduction starter. assembly similar to that used in an
automatic transmission.
STARTER DRIVES
A starter drive includes a
small pinion gear that
meshes with and rotates
the larger gear on the
engine for starting.
The ends of the starter
pinion gear are tapered to
help the teeth mesh more
easily without damaging the
flywheel ring gear teeth.
FIGURE 18-23 A cutaway of a typical
starter drive.

STARTER DRIVES
If the engine starts and is
accelerated to 2000 RPM
(normal cold engine speed),
the starter will be destroyed
by the high speed (36,000
RPM) if the starter was not
disengaged from the
engine.
FIGURE 18-24 The ring gear to pinion gear

ratio is usually 15:1 to 20:1.

A BIT OF HISTORY
A Bendix Drive Is Now Called a Starter Drive
Older-model starters often
used a Bendix drive
mechanism, which used
inertia to engage the starter
pinion with the engine
flywheel gear.
The overrunning clutch,
which is built in as a part of
the starter drive unit, uses FIGURE 18-25 Operation of the overrunning
clutch. (A) Starter motor is driving the starter
steel balls or rollers pinion and cranking the engine. The rollers
installed in tapered are wedged against spring force into their
slots. (B) The engine has started and is
notches. rotating faster than the starter armature.
Spring force pushes the rollers so they
can rotate freely.
A BIT OF HISTORY
A Bendix Drive Is Now Called a Starter Drive
The spring between the
drive tang or pulley and the
overrunning clutch and
pinion is called a mesh
spring and it helps to
cushion and control the
engagement of the starter
drive pinion with the engine
flywheel gear.
FIGURE 18-26 Cutaway of a solenoid-
activated starter showing the solenoid, shift
lever, and starter drive assembly that
includes the starter pinion and overrunning
clutch with a mesh spring in one unit.

STARTER DRIVE OPERATION
A starter drive is generally a dependable unit and does not
require replacement unless defective or worn.
Intermittent starter drive failure (starter whine) is often most
noticeable during cold weather.

POSITIVE-ENGAGEMENT STARTERS
Positive-engagement
starters, used on many
older Ford engines, utilize
the shunt coil winding and a
movable pole shoe to
engage the starter drive.
FIGURE 18-27 A Ford movable-pole-

shoe starter.

POSITIVE-ENGAGEMENT STARTERS
The movable pole shoe is
held down (which keeps the
starter drive engaged) by a
smaller coil on the inside of
the main drive coil.
FIGURE 18-28 A circuit diagram of a Ford

system using a movable-pole-shoe starter.

SOLENOID-OPERATED STARTERS
A starter solenoid is an electromagnetic switch containing two
separate, but connected, electromagnetic windings.
FIGURE 18-29 Wiring diagram of a

typical starter solenoid. Notice that
both the pull-in winding and the
hold-in winding are energized when
the ignition switch is first turned to
the start position. As soon as the
solenoid contact disk makes
electrical contact with both the B
and M terminals, the battery current
is conducted to the starter motor
and electrically neutralizes the pull-
in winding.

HOW ARE STARTERS MADE SO SMALL?
A starter can be
constructed smaller due to
the use of gear reduction to
achieve the same cranking
torque as a straight drive
starter, but using much
smaller components.
FIGURE 18-30 A palm-sized starter armature.

SUMMARY
1. All starter motors use the principle of magnetic

interaction between the field coils attached to the
housing and the magnetic field of the armature.
2. The control circuit includes the ignition switch,
neutral safety (clutch) switch, and solenoid.
3. The power circuit includes the battery, battery
cables, solenoid, and starter motor.
4. The parts of a typical starter include the main field
housing, commutator-end (or brush-end) housing,
drive-end housing, brushes, armature, and starter
drive.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What parts are included in the starter control

circuit?
2. List the parts of a typical starter.
3. Explain why a gear-reduction unit reduces the
amount of current required by the starter motor.
4. Describe the symptoms of a defective starter
drive.

CHAPTER QUIZ
1. Starter motors operate on the principle that _____.

a) The field coils rotate in the opposite direction from the
armature
b) Opposite magnetic poles repel
c) Like magnetic poles repel
d) The armature rotates from a strong magnetic field
toward a weaker magnetic field

CHAPTER QUIZ
1. Starter motors operate on the principle that _____.

a) The field coils rotate in the opposite direction from the
armature
b) Opposite magnetic poles repel
c) Like magnetic poles repel
d) The armature rotates from a strong magnetic field
toward a weaker magnetic field

CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Series-wound electric motors _____.

a) Produce electrical power
b) Produce maximum power at 0 RPM
c) Produce maximum power at high RPM
d) Use a shunt coil

CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Series-wound electric motors _____.

a) Produce electrical power
b) Produce maximum power at 0 RPM
c) Produce maximum power at high RPM
d) Use a shunt coil

CHAPTER QUIZ
3. Technician A says that a defective solenoid can

cause a starter whine. Technician B says that a
defective starter drive can cause a starter whining
noise. Which technician is correct?
a) Technician A only
b) Technician B only
c) Both Technicians A and B
d) Neither Technician A nor B

CHAPTER QUIZ
3. Technician A says that a defective solenoid can

cause a starter whine. Technician B says that a
defective starter drive can cause a starter whining
noise. Which technician is correct?
a) Technician A only
b) Technician B only
c) Both Technicians A and B
d) Neither Technician A nor B

CHAPTER QUIZ
4. The neutral safety switch is located _____.

a) Between the starter solenoid and the starter motor
b) Inside the ignition switch itself
c) Between the ignition switch and the starter solenoid
d) In the battery cable between the battery and the starter
solenoid

CHAPTER QUIZ
4. The neutral safety switch is located _____.

a) Between the starter solenoid and the starter motor
b) Inside the ignition switch itself
c) Between the ignition switch and the starter solenoid
d) In the battery cable between the battery and the starter
solenoid

CHAPTER QUIZ
5. The brushes are used to transfer electrical power

between _____.
a) Field coils and the armature
b) The commutator segments
c) The solenoid and the field coils
d) The armature and the solenoid

CHAPTER QUIZ
5. The brushes are used to transfer electrical power

between _____.
a) Field coils and the armature
b) The commutator segments
c) The solenoid and the field coils
d) The armature and the solenoid

CHAPTER QUIZ
6. The faster a starter motor rotates _____.

a) The more current it draws from the battery
b) The less CEMF is generated
c) The less current it draws from the battery
d) The greater the amount of torque produced

CHAPTER QUIZ
6. The faster a starter motor rotates _____.

a) The more current it draws from the battery
b) The less CEMF is generated
c) The less current it draws from the battery
d) The greater the amount of torque produced

CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Normal cranking speed of the engine is about

_____.
a) 2000 RPM
b) 1500 RPM
c) 1000 RPM
d) 200 RPM

CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Normal cranking speed of the engine is about

_____.
a) 2000 RPM
b) 1500 RPM
c) 1000 RPM
d) 200 RPM

CHAPTER QUIZ
8. A starter motor rotates about _____ times faster

than the engine.
a) 18
b) 10
c) 5
d) 2

CHAPTER QUIZ
8. A starter motor rotates about _____ times faster

than the engine.
a) 18
b) 10
c) 5
d) 2

CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Permanent magnets are commonly used for what

part of the starter?
a) Armature
b) Solenoid
c) Field coils
d) Commutator

CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Permanent magnets are commonly used for what

part of the starter?
a) Armature
b) Solenoid
c) Field coils
d) Commutator

CHAPTER QUIZ
10. What unit contains a hold-in winding and a pull-in

winding?
a) Field coil
b) Starter solenoid
c) Armature
d) Ignition switch

CHAPTER QUIZ
10. What unit contains a hold-in winding and a pull-in

winding?
a) Field coil
b) Starter solenoid
c) Armature
d) Ignition switch

END


Chapter 18

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Chapter 18

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OBJECTIVES

After studying Chapter 18, the reader should be able to:

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

For any engine to start, it must first be rotated, using

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-1 A typical

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-3 A typical wiring diagram of a

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-4 Instead of an ignition key to

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-5 The top button on this

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

A starter consists of the main structural support of a

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-6 A typical starter motor.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-7 This series-wound electric motor shows

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

One basic principle of electromagnetism is that a

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-8 The interaction

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-10 Pole shoes and field windings

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-11 Magnetic lines of force in a

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-12 A pole shoe and field winding.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-13 This wiring diagram illustrates the construction of a

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-14 This wiring diagram illustrates the construction of a shunt-type

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-15 A compound motor is a combination of series and shunt

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

The motor armature has a laminated core.

FIGURE 18-16 A typical starter motor armature.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

Motor armatures are

FIGURE 18-17 An armature lap winding.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

The armature core,

FIGURE 18-18 The pinion gear meshes with

Most automotive starters have two grounded and two

FIGURE 18-19 A cutaway of a typical starter motor.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-20 This starter permanent-

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-24 The ring gear to pinion gear

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-27 A Ford movable-pole-

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-28 A circuit diagram of a Ford

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-29 Wiring diagram of a

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

FIGURE 18-30 A palm-sized starter armature.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,