Y11 Reproduction Project

This project is divided into two parts:

Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby

Part 2: Sexually-Transmitted Infections

(STIs)
Answers to all questions should be completed
on the Student Answer Sheet file (see VLE).
This completed file should then be printed and
handed in to your teacher.
This includes:
1) Table of dietary requirements
2) Completed Doctors case notes table
3) What to avoid table
4) Your opinion on the bottle-feeding statement
5) Poster or leaflet on HIV STI (can be a separate sheet)
6) Answer to PPQ
Y11 Reproduction Project
This project is divided into two parts:

Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby

Part 2: Sexually-Transmitted Infections

(STIs)

Williams p199-201, 210-1

 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby
Learning objectives:
1.Be able to describe ante-natal care of pregnant
women, limited to special dietary needs and the
harm from smoking and alcohol consumption.

2. State that some toxins e.g. nicotine, and

pathogens e.g. rubella virus, can pass across the
placenta and affect the fetus (E).

3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using
formula milk (E).

Williams 199-201
 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby
Learning objectives:
1.Be able to describe ante-natal care of pregnant
women, limited to special dietary needs and the
harm from smoking and alcohol consumption.

2. State that some toxins e.g. nicotine, and

pathogens e.g. rubella virus, can pass across the
placenta and affect the fetus (E).

3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using
formula milk (E).

Williams 199-201
 Antenatal care: this refers to the things that a pregnant woman
(or prenatal care) should do, or not do, in order to keep healthy and
allow the fetus to develop normally

antenatal or prenatal = before birth

 Antenatal care: this refers to the things that a pregnant woman
(or prenatal care) should do, or not do, in order to keep healthy and
allow the fetus to develop normally

includes: advice on motherhood and child care

 Antenatal care: this refers to the things that a pregnant woman
(or prenatal care) should do, or not do, in order to keep healthy and
allow the fetus to develop normally

includes: advice on motherhood and child care

checks on the fetus e.g. ultrasound or
amniocentesis - to make sure it is
developing normally
 Antenatal care: this refers to the things that a pregnant woman
(or prenatal care) should do, or not do, in order to keep healthy and
allow the fetus to develop normally

includes: advice on motherhood and child care

checks on the fetus e.g. ultrasound or
amniocentesis - to make sure it is
developing normally
health checks, including:
weight (should gain about 0.5kg per week
from the 3rd month of pregnancy)
 Antenatal care: this refers to the things that a pregnant woman
(or prenatal care) should do, or not do, in order to keep healthy and
allow the fetus to develop normally

includes: advice on motherhood and child care

checks on the fetus e.g. ultrasound or
amniocentesis - to make sure it is
developing normally
health checks, including:
weight (should gain about 0.5kg per week
from the 3rd month of pregnancy)
blood haemoglobin - to check for anaemia
CHECK: do you remember what can cause anaemia?
HINT: look back at Unit 3 notes or p73
 Antenatal care: this refers to the things that a pregnant woman
(or prenatal care) should do, or not do, in order to keep healthy and
allow the fetus to develop normally

includes: advice on motherhood and child care

checks on the fetus e.g. ultrasound or
amniocentesis - to make sure it is
developing normally
health checks, including:
weight (should gain about 0.5kg per week
from the 3rd month of pregnancy)
blood haemoglobin - to check for anaemia
urine tests for:
- glucose - pregnancy can trigger
diabetes in some women
- protein - to check there are no kidney
problems
 Antenatal care: this refers to the things that a pregnant woman
(or prenatal care) should do, or not do, in order to keep healthy and
allow the fetus to develop normally

includes: advice on motherhood and child care

checks on the fetus e.g. ultrasound or
amniocentesis - to make sure it is
developing normally
health checks, including:
weight (should gain about 0.5kg per week
from the 3rd month of pregnancy)
blood haemoglobin - to check for anaemia
urine tests for:
- glucose - pregnancy can trigger
diabetes in some women
- protein - to check there are no kidney
problems
blood pressure (high blood pressure can be
dangerous for fetus and mother)
Dietary Requirements
Pregnant women do not have to eat enough for two!
Dietary Requirements
Pregnant women do not have to eat enough for two!

But they do have to make sure that they are eating enough of
certain nutrients:
Dietary Requirements
Pregnant women do not have to eat enough for two!

But they do have to make sure that they are eating enough of
certain nutrients:

e.g. folic acid:

Dietary Requirements
Pregnant women do not have to eat enough for two!

But they do have to make sure that they are eating enough of
certain nutrients:

e.g. folic acid: one of the vitamin B molecules

needed for proper development of the spinal cord
to prevent diseases such as spina bifida

To do:
The next slide shows a list of some other nutrients that
pregnant women should be careful to eat in the right amounts.

For each nutrient make a note of what it is used for and also
what would happen if she didnt get enough of this nutrient.
Dietary Requirements
HINT: look back at Unit 3 notes
Nutrient Used for Problems if not in the
right amounts
carbohydrate
protein
iron
calcium
Assess your learning
To do:
A doctor has to give antenatal health checks to a group of
pregnant women.
For each case, can you complete the doctors notes (see next
slide)?

1
7
Doctors case notes:
Case Possible
Test Checking for Results
# diagnosis
Urine
1
sample
Protein levels High ?
Diabetes or
Urine
2
sample ? High high blood
pressure
Blood
3
sample
Haemoglobin levels Low ?
weight gain since last visit Gain of 0.5kg since last visit
4 Weight
(4 months pregnant) (3 weeks previously) ?
Blood Pressure was 150/100
5
pressure
Blood pressure (!!)
mmHg ?

N.B. for information about blood pressure see:

http://revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/biology/human-body/blood-pressure

1
8
 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby
Learning objectives:
1.Be able to describe ante-natal care of pregnant
women, limited to special dietary needs and the
harm from smoking and alcohol consumption.

2. State that some toxins e.g. nicotine, and

pathogens e.g. rubella virus, can pass across the
placenta and affect the fetus (E).

3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using
formula milk (E).

Williams 199-201
What to avoid
Pregnant women should also be careful to avoid certain things
during pregnancy as they may harm or damage the growing fetus:

To do:
Use the information on the websites below to summarise the
problems that would be caused if these things were not avoided.
Fill in the table on the next slide.

smoking: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2023.aspx

alcohol: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/foetal
-alcohol-syndrome/pages/introduction.aspx

rubella virus (also causes German measles):

http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1104.aspx?CategoryID=54
What to avoid

To avoid Problems it could cause

smoking
alcohol
rubella
virus
(German
measles)
 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby
Learning objectives:
1.Be able to describe ante-natal care of pregnant
women, limited to special dietary needs and the
harm from smoking and alcohol consumption.

2. State that some toxins e.g. nicotine, and

pathogens e.g. rubella virus, can pass across the
placenta and affect the fetus (E).

3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using
formula milk (E).

Williams 199-201
 Advantages
Breast-feeding
1) milk has all the required
nutrients in the correct
proportions
2) colostrum contains antibodies
from the mother to protect
from infections
Bottle-feeding
1) exact food intake of baby
can be measured
2) other people can take a
role in feeding the baby

3) sterile

4) delivered at body temperature

5) requires no preparation

6) encourages a social bond between

mother and baby
To do:

Your new-born child needs to have formula milk/a bottle

Do you agree with this statement? Why?

Write an explanation for your opinion.

Extension work (optional)
Find out about how twins are formed and what the difference
between identical and non-identical twins (and find out why I put
identical in inverted commas!!)

[This place is suitable for a sickeningly cute picture of

twins from the internet, which I refuse to include]

2
5
 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby
Learning objectives:
1.Be able to describe ante-natal care of pregnant
women, limited to special dietary needs and the
harm from smoking and alcohol consumption.

2. State that some toxins e.g. nicotine, and

pathogens e.g. rubella virus, can pass across the
placenta and affect the fetus (E).

3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using
formula milk (E).

Williams 199-201
 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 2: Sexually-Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Williams p210-1

Learning objectives: HIV virus particles (green) budding from an infected

lymphocyte (purple)

1. Define sexually transmitted infection.

2. State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an example of an
STI.
3. Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled.
4. Describe the methods of transmission of HIV.
5. State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS and (E) outline how HIV
affects the immune system.
Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) are infections caused by
microbes that are passed from person to person during sexual
intercourse.
Examples of STIs are:
1) Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria that causes gonorrhea
2) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) a virus that causes the
disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

HIV
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Read through the following website and use the information to
answer the following questions. There is also another pdf file on
the VLE.
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/transmission.htm

Questions to answer (for your own notes only):

1) How can you become infected by HIV?
2) What are the symptoms of the infection?
3) How can the infection be treated?
4) What are the problems if the infection is not treated?
5) How can we stop the infection spreading?
Attitude to learning?
have you read the website carefully?
if you didnt understand what you read, did you ask your
teacher?
did you try and write your answers using your own
words/phrases, or did you just copy out some sentences from the website?
did you try and make your answers as complete and detailed as possible?
did you give yourself plenty of time to complete this work and then read it over
once you had finished (or did you copy someone elses in the break?!)?
 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 2: Sexually-Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Williams p210-1

Learning objectives: HIV virus particles (green) budding from an infected

lymphocyte (purple)

1. Define sexually transmitted infection.

2. State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an example of an
STI.
3. Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled.
4. Describe the methods of transmission of HIV.
5. State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS and (E) outline how
HIV affects the immune system.
HIV & the Immune System
Look at the image on p210 and find out down the type of cell
that the HIV virus infects.
In actual fact HIV infects one particular type of these cells, called
T helper cells (or T helper lymphocytes).

These white blood cells help the other cells in the immune system
i.e. they help cells that produce antibodies; cells that kill infected
cells; and help macrophages engulf (or phagocytose) bacteria etc
 X
X
X

If the T helper cells are destroyed by HIV infection, what do you think
happens to the immune system of the patient?
The cells circled, no longer work effectively and the patients body
cannot fight infections.
HIV-infected patients often die from infection by another micro-
organism, which their immune system can no longer fight.

Useful animation link: How HIV causes disease

Assess your learning
To do:
Produce a leaflet or poster for use by a doctors clinic to warn
people of the dangers of STI caused by HIV. You need to explain
the basic information about the STI and then include some advice
about how to prevent the infection.

Extension (optional):
There has been a lot of research carried out trying to discover
effective treatments, cures or vaccines to treat or prevent infection
by HIV.
See if you can find out about one of these areas and write a one
page summary of the current situation.

Make sure you make a list of the information sources (e.g.

websites) that you have used and add this to your summary as a
Bibliography at the end. 3
3
 Y11 Reproduction Project
Part 2: Sexually-Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Williams p210-1

Learning objectives: HIV virus particles (green) budding from an infected

lymphocyte (purple)

1. Define sexually transmitted infection.

2. State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an example of an
STI.
3. Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled.
4. Describe the methods of transmission of HIV.
5. State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS and (E) outline how HIV
affects the immune system.
And finally
You have GOT to be
kidding me!!

3
5
And finallyanswer this question:

3
6
And finallyanswer this question:

3
7
And finallyanswer this question:

3
8
And finallyanswer this question:

3
9
Y11 Reproduction Project
This project is divided into two parts:

Part 1: Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby

Part 2: Sexually-Transmitted Infections

(STIs)
Answers to all questions should be completed
on the Student Answer Sheet file (see VLE).
This completed file should then be printed and
handed in to your teacher.
This includes:
1) Table of dietary requirements
2) Completed Doctors case notes table
3) What to avoid table
4) Your opinion on the bottle-feeding statement
5) Poster or leaflet on HIV STI (can be a separate sheet)
6) Answer to PPQ