Gasoline (gas), petroleum spirit

(petrol) or petrogasoline is a
petroleum-derived liquid mixture
consisting mostly of aliphatic
hydrocarbons, enhanced with iso-
octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons
toluene and benzene to increase its
octane rating, and is primarily used
as fuel in internal combustion
engines.
Gasoline Production
COMPOSITION
1. The bulk of a typical gasoline consists
of hydrocarbons with between 5 and
12 carbon atoms per molecule.

2. Gasoline is predominantly a mixture of

paraffins (alkanes), naphthenes
(cycloalkanes), and olefins (alkenes).

3. The exact ratios can depend on

the oil refinery that makes the gasoline
the crude oil feed used by the refiner
the grade of gasoline, in particular the
octane rating
 Reformate, produced in a catalytic reformer with a high
octane rating and high aromatic content, and very low
olefins (alkenes).
Cat Cracked Gasoline or Cat Cracked Naphtha,
produced from a catalytic cracker, with a moderate
octane rating, high olefins (alkene) content, and
moderate aromatics level. Here, "cat" is short for "
catalytic".
Hydrocrackate (Heavy, Mid, and Light), produced from
a hydrocracker, with medium to low octane rating and
moderate aromatic levels.
Virgin or Straight-run Naphtha (has many names),
directly from crude oil with low octane rating, low
aromatics (depending on the crude oil), some
naphthenes (cycloalkanes) and no olefins (alkenes).
Alkylate, produced in an alkylation unit, with a high
octane rating and which is pure paraffin (alkane),
mainly branched chains.
Isomerate (various names) which is obtained by
isomerising the pentane and hexane in light virgin
naphthas to yield their higher octane isomers.
 PROPERTIES
Gasoline Property Desirable for Impact on Environment
Octane Number Avoid engine Octane boosting compounds are
knocking; increase not environmentally friendly
fuel-air mix Lead additives are toxic air
compression ratio, pollutants & poison catalytic
engine power & converter catalysts.
efficiency. Benzene is carcinogenic.
Aromatics produce more smoke
& smog.
Olefins form engine fouling
gums , more smoke & smog .

Volatility Sufficient light Too many light components

( Reid vapor components to give result in hydrocarbon loss &
pressure) adequate vaporization result in atmospheric pollution.
of fuel air mix for easy Too many heavy components
engine cold start. contribute to chamber deposits
& spark plug fouling causing
release of unburnt hydrocarbons
into the atmosphere.
 Gasoline Desirable for Impact on Environment
Property
Sulfur Content Not desirable at all. Sulfur compounds are corrosive, foul
smelling, and increase sulfur trioxide
emissions.
Decrease catalytic converter
efficiency.
Adversely affect ignition timing,
leading to lower engine efficiency

Olefins Desirable for their Leads to deposits and gum formation

octane value and increased emissions of ozone
forming hydrocarbons and toxic
compounds.
Aromatics Desirable for their Increased engine deposits and tailpipe
octane value emissions including carbon dioxide
Produces carcinogenic benzene in
exhaust
Stability additives Reduce valve deposits. Affect carburetors resulting in higher
H/C and CO emissions.
 BIS(Bureau of Indian Standards ) ,
WWFC (World Wide Fuel Charter) , Jan , 2000 & EURO III .
Proposed by WWFC in January , 2000

Euro
Characteristics BIS 2000 Category
III
I II III IV
Sulfur , % w 5-10 150
(max) 0.1 0.1 .02 0.003 ppm
ppm
AKI/RON/MON
(min) 84/88 -/91/82 -/91/82.5 -/91/82.5 -/91/82.5 90/95

Lead content
as Pb , g/l 0.013 0.013 Not detectable nil
(max)
Benzene , %v 5,
(max) 5 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
3(Metros)
Aromatics , %v
(max) - 50 40 35 35 42

Olefins , %v
(max) - - 20 10 10 18
REFERENCE METHODS
As regards the reference methods, the versions in
the various languages published by ISO and ASTM
respectively shall be authentic, as shall other
language versions which the Commission certifies
as conforming to them.
I. Reference method for measuring the lead content
of petrol
A. Leaded petrol
For the measurement of the lead content of petrol,
the reference method shall be that laid down in ISO
3830 (edition approved in 1981).
B. Unleaded petrol
For the measurement of the trace lead content of
petrol, the reference method shall be that laid down
in ASTM D. 3237 (approved edition dated 31 August
1979) using atomic absorption spectrometry.
II. Reference method for measuring the benzene content
of petrol
For the measurement of the benzene content of petrol,
the reference method shall be that laid down in ASTM D.
2267 (edition approved in 1978) using gas
chromatographic determination with polar column and
internal standard.
III. Reference methods for the determination of octane
ratings
The octane ratings (motor octane number and research
octane number) shall be determined by the methods
described in ISO 5164 and ISO 5163 respectively
(editions approved in 1977).
IV. Interpretation of results
The results of individual measurements shall be
interpreted on the basis of the method described in ISO
4259 (published in 1979).
Diesel fuel is a specific fractional
distillate of petroleum fuel oil.
Petrodiesel, or fossil diesel is
produced from petroleum and is a
hydrocarbon mixture, obtained in
the fractional distillation of crude oil
between 200 C and 350 C at
atmospheric pressure.
Typical industrial fractional distillation columns
COMPOSITION
Petroleum-derived diesel is
composed of about 75% saturated
hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins
including n, iso, and cycloparaffins),
and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons
(including naphthalenes and
alkylbenzenes). The average
chemical formula for common diesel
fuel is C12H23, ranging from approx.
C10H20 to C15H28.
 Diesel Fuel Properties
Sulfur content Affects wear, deposits, and particulate emissions.
Diesel fuels contain varying amounts of various sulfur compounds
which increase oil acidity. Legislation has reduced the sulfur content
of highway fuel to 0.05% by weight. Off road fuel has an average of
0.29% sulfur by weight.
Cetane Number A measure of the starting and warm-up
characteristics of a fuel. In cold weather or in service with prolonged
low loads, a higher cetane number is desirable. Legislation dictates
the Cetane index should be 40 or above.
Aromatic Content By definition, aromatic content is characterized
by the presence of the benzene family in hydrocarbon compounds
that occur naturally in the refining of diesel fuel. In the chemical
make up of fuel, the heavier aromatic compounds of toluene,
xylene, and naphthalene are also present. Limiting these aromatic
compounds has the effect of reducing burning temperature and thus
NOx formation.
Cloud & Pour Point Affect low-temperature operation. The cloud
point of the fuel is the temperature at which crystals of paraffin wax
first appear. Crystals can be detected by a cloudiness of the fuel.
These crystals cause filters to plug.
API Gravity Related to heat content, affecting power and economy.
Gravity is an indication of the energy content of the fuel. A fuel with a
high density (low API gravity) contains more BTU's per gallon than a
fuel with a low density (higher API gravity).
Ash Measures inorganic residues - The small amount of non-
combustable metallic material found in almost all petroleum products
is commonly called ash. Ash content should not exceed 0.02 mass
percent.
Water & Sediment Affect the life of fuel filters and injectors. The
amount of water and solid debris in the fuel is generally classified as
water and sediment. Filter elements, fuel screens in the fill pump,
and fuel inlet connections on injectors must be cleaned or replaced
when they become dirty. These screens and filters, in performing
intended function, will become clogged when using a poor or dirty
fuel and will need to be changed more often. Water and sediments
should not exceed 0.1 volume percent.
Viscosity Affects injector lubrication and atomization. The
injector system works most effectively when the fuel has the
proper "body" or viscosity. Fuels that meet the requirements of
1-D or 2-D diesel fuels are satisfactory with Cummins fuel
systems.
Carbon Residue Measures residue in fuel - can influence
combustion. The tendency of a diesel fuel to form carbon
deposits in an engine can be estimated by various tests to
determine the carbon residue after 90% of the fuel has been
evaporated .

Cummins Fuel Recommendation:

A Cetane rating of at least 40 is recommended at temperatures
above 32 degrees.
A Cetane rating of at least 45 is recommended at temperatures
below 32 degrees.
 European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M1*), g/km

Date CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM

Tier

Diesel
EM1 January 1989 2.72 (3.16) - - 0.97 (1.13) 0.14 (0.18)
Euro 2, IDI January 1993 1.0 - - 0.7 0.08
Euro 2, DI January 1993 1.0 - - 0.9 0.10
Euro 3 December 1997 0.64 - 0.50 0.56 0.05
Euro 4 January 2003 0.50 - 0.25 0.30 0.025
Euro 5 (future) September 2009 0.50 - 0.18 0.23 0.005
Euro 6 (future) September 2014 0.50 - 0.08 0.17 0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
EM1 January 1989 2.72 (3.16) - - 0.97 (1.13) -
Euro 2 January 1993 2.2 - - 0.5 -
Euro 3 January 1997 2.30 0.20 0.15 - -
Euro 4 January 2003 1.0 0.10 0.08 - -
Euro 5 (future) September 2009 1.0 0.10 0.06 - 0.005**
Euro 6 (future) September 2014 1.0 0.10 0.06 - 0.005**
* Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as light commercial vehicle N1 - I
** Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
 European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305
kg (Category N1 - I), g/km
Date CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM
Tier
Diesel
Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - 0.97 0.14

Euro 2, IDI January 1998 1.00 - - 0.70 0.08

Euro 2, DI January 1998 1.00 - - 0.90 0.10

Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - 0.50 0.56 0.05

Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - 0.25 0.30 0.025

Euro 5 (future) September 2009 0.50 - 0.18 0.23 0.005

Euro 6 (future) September 2014 0.50 - 0.08 0.17 0.005

Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - 0.97 -

Euro 2 January 1998 2.20 - - 0.50 -

Euro 3 January 2000 2.30 0.20 0.15 - -

Euro 4 January 2005 1.00 0.10 0.08 - -

Euro 5 (future) September 2009 1.00 0.10 0.06 - 0.005*

Euro 6 (future) September 2014 1.00 0.10 0.06 - 0.005*

* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
Euro norm emissions for category N2, EDC, (2000 and up)

Standard Date CO HC (g/kWh) NOx (g/kWh) PM

(g/kWh) (g/kWh)
Euro 0 1988-1992 12.30 15.8 2.60 none
Euro I 1992-1995 4.90 9.00 1.23 0.40
Euro II 1995-1999 4.00 7.00 1.10 0.15
Euro III 1999-2005 2.10 5.00 0.66 0.10
Euro IV 2005-2008 1.50 3.50 0.46 0.02
Euro V 2008-2012 1.50 2.00 0.46 0.02
Euro VI
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Standard Date CO HC (g/kWh) NOx (g/kWh) PM
(g/kWh) (g/kWh)
Euro 0 1988-1992 11.20 14.40 2.40 none
Euro I 1992-1995 4.50 8.00 1.10 0.36
Euro II 1995-1999 4.00 7.00 1.10 0.15
 In-Country Quality Standards Applied to Leaded Gasoline (as of 1996)
Quality Standards
Country Benzene Aromatic Sulfur Olefins Other Research
(%vol/vol) (%vol/vol) (%mass (%vol/v
/mass) ol) Lead Oxidati Octane
(max) on Number/quality
(g/l) stabilit covered
y
(minute
s)

Bulgaria 5 - 0.05 - 0.15 - 86, 93, 98

Czech Republic2 5 50 ND3 ND3 0.15 - 91, 96
Hungary 3 - 0.05 - 0.15 - 98
Poland 5 - 1 - - - 94, 98
5 - 0.1 3 0.32 - P1 95
Romania - - 0.1 4 0.32 - R1 87
Slovakia 5 - 0.05 - 0.15 - 91, 96
Slovenia 5 - 0.05 - 0.15 360 98
EU Directive <5 - - - 0.15 - All4

1. P - premium, R - regular;
2. Data for 1995;
3. ND - not determined by standard;
4. All octane numbers.
In-Country Quality Standards Applied to Unleaded Gasoline (as of 1996)
Quality Standards
Country Benzene Aromatic Sulfur Olefins Other Research
(%vol/vol) (%vol/vol) (%mass (%vol/v
/mass) ol) Lead Oxidation Octane
(max) (g/l) stability Number/quality
(minutes) covered

Bulgaria 5 - 0.05 - 0.013 - 95

Czech Republic2 5 50 ND3 ND3 0.013 - 95
Hungary 2 - 0.05 - 0.013 - 91, 95, 98
Poland 5 - 1 - - - 95, 98
5 - 0.1 3 0.013 - P1 95
Romania - - 0.1 4 0.013 - R1 87
Slovakia 5 - 0.05 - 0.013 - 91, 95, 98
Slovenia 5 - 0.05 - 0.013 360 91, 95
EU Directive <5 - - - 0.013 - 95

1. P - premium, R - regular;
2. Data for 1995;
3. ND - not determined by standard.
 PNS Fuel Quality Standards
A. Gasoline
Within 18 mos. of the Law, gasoline should have
Anti-Knock Index (AKI) of 87.5 or greater
Reid vapor pressure of 9 lbs. per sq. in. (PSI) or less

Leaded gasoline will be phased out within the 18-month period.

Unleaded gasoline to contain (w/in 6 mos. of the Law)
A max. of 45% aromatics by volume
Gasoline engine should not
A max. of 4 % benzene by volume spew into the atmosphere
By year 2003, evaporative HC at not more
A max. of 35% aromatics by volume than 2.0 gms./test, and its
A max. of 2 % benzene by volume closed crankcase
. ventilation system must
B. Diesel fuel not be leaking.
Within 18 mos.
Sulfur content of diesel fuel shall be reduced to 0.20% by weight ;
and, to 0.05% (by wt.) by year 2004.
Cetane Number or Index shall be 48 or higher.
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards (PNS; Phil. Clean Air Act)
Effective year 2003, the following shall be the limits of pollution coming from
motor vehicles:

Light Commercial
Vehicles
Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Tailpipe Emission Light Category 1: 1250kg. < RW
Pollutants Vehicles Category 2: 1250
(g/KW-hr)
<RW<1700
Category 3: RW > 1700 kg.
Category 1 - 2.72
Carbon Monoxide-
2.72 Category 2 - 5.17 4.5
CO (g/km.)
Category 3 - 6.90
Hydrocarbon/Nitrog Category 1 - 0.97
en Oxides HC - 1.1
0.97 Category 2 - 1.40
-HC + NOX(g/km.) NO - 8.0
Category 3 - 1.70
Particulate Matter-
Category 1 - 0.14
PM (g/km.)
0.14 Category 2 - 0.19 0.36
Category 3 - 0.25

Note 1: PM Limits apply to compression-ignition engines only.

Note 2: For heavy-duty vehicles with engines of 85 KW or less rating,
the limit value for particulate emssions is increased by multiplying the
quoted limit by a coefficient of 1.7.
END