1.

2 KALKULUS DIFERENSIAL
GRADIENT
Suppose T1 x, y, z is the temperature at P1 x, y, z ,
and T2 x dx, y dy, z dz is the temperature at P2
as shown.
The differential distances dx, dy, dz are the
components of the differential distance
vector dL :
dL dxa x dya y dza z
However, from differential calculus, the
differential temperature:
T T T
dT T2 T1 dx dy dz
x y z
But, dx dL a x
dy dL a y
dz dL a z
So, previous equation can be rewritten as:
T T T
dT a x dL a y dL a z dL
x y z
T T T
ax ay a z dL
x y z
The vector inside square brackets defines the
change of temperature dT corresponding to a
vector change in position dL .
This vector is called Gradient of Scalar T.

For Cartesian coordinate:

V V V
V ax ay az
x y z
DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

Illustration of the divergence of a vector

field at point P:

Positive Negative Zero

Divergence Divergence Divergence
The divergence of A at a given point P
is the outward flux per unit volume:

A dS
div A A lim s
v 0 v
What is A dS ?? Vector field A at
s
closed surface S
Where,

A dS
A dS

s front back left right top bottom
And, v is volume enclosed by surface S
For Cartesian coordinate:

Ax Ay Az
A
x y z
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:

1 1 A Az
A

A


z
For Spherical coordinate:

1 A sin
1 2
A 2
r r

r Ar
r sin

1 A
r sin
EXAMPLE 1

Find divergence of these vectors:

2
(a) P x yza x xza z
2
(b) Q sin a za z cosa z

(c) 1
W 2 cosa r r sin cosa cosa
r
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1

(a) Use divergence for Cartesian

coordinate:

Px Py Pz
P
x y z

x

2

x yz 0 xz
y z
2 xyz x

12
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1

(b) Use divergence for Circular cylindrical

coordinate:

1 1 Q Qz
Q Q
z

1 2


sin
1 2


z z cos
z
2 sin cos
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1

(c) Use divergence for Spherical coordinate:

1 W sin
W 2
1 2
r r

r Wr r sin

1 W
r sin
1
2 cos
r r
1
r sin

r sin 2 cos

1
cos
r sin
2 cos cos
 CURL OF A VECTOR

The curl of the vector field is concerned

with rotation of the vector field. Rotation
can be used to measure the uniformity
of the field, the more non uniform the
field, the larger value of curl.
 For Cartesian coordinate:
ax ay az

A
x y z
Ax Ay Az

Az Ay Az Ax Ay Ax
A ax ay az
y z x z x y
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:
a a az
1
A
z
A A Az

1 Az A Az A
A a a
z z
1 A A
az

 For Spherical coordinate:
a r a a
1
A 2
r sin r
Ar rA r sin A
1 sin A A 1 1 Ar rA
A a r a
r sin r sin r
1 (rA ) Ar
a
r r
EXAMPLE 2

Find curl of these vectors:

2
(a) P x yza x xza z
2
(b) Q sin a za z cosa z

(c) 1
W 2 cosa r r sin cosa cosa
r
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2

(a) Use curl for Cartesian coordinate:

Pz Py Pz Px Py Px
P ax ay az
y z x z x y

0 0 a x x 2 y z a y 0 x 2 z a z

x 2 y z a y x 2 za z
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2

(b) Use curl for Circular cylindrical coordinate

1 Qz Q Q Qz 1 Q Q
Q a a az
z z x y
z
sin 2 a 0 0 a

1

3 2 z cos a z


1

z sin 3 a 3z cos a z

 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2

(c) Use curl for Spherical coordinate:

1 sin W W 1 1 Wr rW
W a r a
r sin r sin r
1 (rW ) Wr
a
r r
cos 2
1 cos sin r sin cos 1 1 r r cos
ar a
r sin r sin r


cos 2
2
1 (r sin cos )
r a

r r


SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2

1 1
cos2 r sin sin ar 0 cos a
r sin r
1 sin
2r sin cos 2 a
r r
cos 2 cos
sin a r a
r sin r
1
2 cos 3 sin a
r
 1.4 Curvilinear
Coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates:

s cos x sin y

sin x cos y
z z

A As s A Az z

dl dss ds dzz d sdsd dz
Spherical polar coordinates:

x r sin cos , 0 r
y r sin sin , 0 2
z r cos , 0

r sin cos x sin sin y cos z

cos cos x cos sin y sin z

sin x cos y

A Arr A A

dl drr rd r sin d d r dr sin dd
2

da1 r sin ddr

2

da2 rdrd
 1.6 TEORI MEDAN VEKTOR
Helmholz Theorem
Any vector field that disappears at infinity can be expressed in
terms an irrotational and a solenoidal field,
which are the gradient of the scalar potential and the curl
of the vector potential, respectively.

F FI FS V A
 curl-less (irrotational) fields:

F 0 F V , where V is the scalar potential.

b

F dl is independen t of the path,

a
for any given end points.

F dl 0 for any closed loop.

Divergence-less (solenoidal) fields:

F 0 F A, where A is the vector potential.

F da is independen t of surface, for any given boundary line.

F da 0 for any closed surface.