Chapter 21: Injuries

Project
By: Richard Leger, Jess Dawson, Josh Yagel
Rib Contusions and
Fractures
Josh Yagel
Anatomic Location of Rib Cage
Ribs 1-12 located in the chest
cavity

Ribs counted from superior to

inferior

1st rib is superior to 2nd

rib

2nd rib is inferior to 1st rib

Contusion-compressive injury
resulting in a bruise

Fracture-disruption in
Causes of Rib Contusions and Fractures
Blunt Trauma to the chest

Result of a fall, motor

vehicle accident, or
athletic impact

Indirect force

Result of muscle
contraction such as
coughing, sneezing, etc.
Rib Contusions Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-1MQ0Cnbhs
Signs & Symptoms of Rib Contusions and
Fractures
Localized discoloration or
swelling around injury site

Pain during deep respiration

Tenderness during palpation of

injury site

Shallow breathing

Cyanosis
Differential Diagnoses

Often times, abdominal or chest pain can be simply written off as

something that should subside with time when, in reality, the true cause
of this pain is multiple rib stress fractures that are a much more serious
problem. Though they can be hard to find, and difficult to see, these
fractures often lead to more severe pain and discomfort if not treated. If
a clinician can identify the existence of a rib stress fracture early on,
then he/she can prescribe treatment and therapy to help heal the
fracture before it gets worse.
Facts & Statistics About Rib Contusions and
Fractures
Approximately 10% of all patients admitted after blunt force trauma
to the chest have one or more rib fractures. -Medscape

Splenic trauma has been reported in approximately 20% of all left

lower rib fractures -PA Golden, St. Louis University Hospital

Liver trauma has been reported in approximately 10% of all right

lower rib fractures -PA Golden, St. Louis University Hospital

Rib fractures are the most common injury in elderly blunt chest
trauma patients, and each additional rib fracture increases odds of
dying by 19% and of developing pneumonia by 27%. -Study done
by Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems,
Baltimore
Care & Treatment for Rib Contusions and
Fractures
Immediate care should focus on airway
maintenance and making sure the
victim gets enough oxygen

Hospitalization is recommended for

anyone with 3 or more rib fractures

Prescription pain medications may be

administered to control pain when
necessary. If pain is more moderate,
non-prescription pain relievers will work

Rib brace can offer support and comfort

to injured rib cage
Pictures Cited
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/female-rib-cage-anatomy-bones-medic
al-imaging-decade-d-47172057.jpg
http://blog.thenewstribune.com/seahawks/files/2012/09/Goldenblock.jpg

https://www.uq.edu.au/news/filething/get-styled/square/93971/coughpic
.jpg?itok=i5piQC8Y
http://www.enkivillage.com/s/upload/images/2015/01/a3ea5ddee4e80
2161e7a032b0b143509.jpg
http://www.mhhe.com/hper/physed/athletictraining/illustrations/ch26/26
-18.jpg
Hernias
Richard Leger
 Anatomic Location Where and Who it
Effects
A Hernia usually occurs in the Abdominal Viscera through a portion
of the abdominal wall

A sports Hernia Most often occur in the groin area

Inguinal Hernias Occur in men (more than 75 percent)

Femoral Hernias More often occur with women

Causes
Lifting Heavy Objects

Getting hit to add pressure inappropriately

A combination of muscle weakness or being born

with weak muscles

By adding pressure to the intra-abdominal part of

the body

Failure to find a good enough support to the

hernia

Releasing pressure associated to the hernia , will

allow the discomfort to subside
Signs and Symptoms
Swelling or fullness at hernia site

Aching sensation(radiates into the area of the Hernia)

Enlarges with increasing intra-abdominal pressure and /or standing

Stain or culture of nodal tissue,complete blood count(CBC)

Electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

Severe pain in the groin area at the time of injury

Facts and Statistics
More than 1 million abdominal wall hernia repairs are performed by
surgeons in the United States

Inguinal hernia repairs consist about 770,000 of the 1 million

90% of Inguinal hernia repairs are performed on males

The average cost of a single Hernia repair surgery is over $10,000

Care/Treatment/Prevention
1.The temporary use of binders or corsets can be useful.

2.Pressure reduction of an incarcerated hernia is generally safe.

3.Surgical Repair is needed when topical or hernia Reduction is no

longer effective, but it mostly depends on the location of Hernia

4.First 7-10 days of rest and Ice or cold compress can be helpful to
alleviate pain

5.Surgical mesh to repair the opening of the muscle wall that was
torn.

6.Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair

Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVuOMua60NU
Pictures Cited
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-belly-bu
tton-pain.htm
http://www.liverdirectory.com/liver-tests/complete-blood-count/

http://www.santesel.com/Umbilical-Hernia-Corset_251_detail

http://fitsweb.uchc.edu/student/selectives/Luzietti/hernia_treatment.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_1WrJoeS9w
Sudden Cardiac Death
Syndrome
Jessica Dawson
Anatomic Location of the Heart
The heart is located between your lungs and behind and left of your
sternum

4 chambers

Upper chambers are the left and right atria

Lower chambers are the left and right ventricles

The left ventricle is the strongest chamber in your heart

Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death Syndrome
Ventricular arrhythmias
They can be caused by the reformation of the heart with scar tissue and
interstitial fibrosis

Pulmonary embolism
Risks for this include family history, malignancy, recent trauma such as hip or
knee surgery
Signs and Symptoms
Sudden loss of consciousness; a person will fall on the floor or slump down
while sitting

No pulse, no breathing

Racing heart

Dizziness

Shortness of breath

Nausea or vomiting

Chest pain

Smoking, obesity, family history

Facts and Statistics
About 70% of Americans are not confident in themselves to
perform CPR in emergency situations. - Medline

According to CPR Statistics Nearly 383,000 out-of-hospital sudden

cardiac arrests occur annually, and 88 percent of cardiac arrest
occur at home.

1 in 200,000 high school athletes in the US will die suddenly, most

without prior symptoms. - JAMA 1996; 276

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death among

adults over the age of 40 in the United States and other countries.
SCA-aware
Care and Treatment of Sudden Cardiac
Death Syndrome
CPR is the first type of treatment for cardiac arrest, it keeps oxygen
flowing in the body

Defibrillation is the most important. It gives an electrical shock to

the heart and makes the heart hopefully start beating normally

Electrical activity
Epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate

Therapeutic hypothermia
Helps limit neurologic injuries associated with cardiac arrest
Sudden Cardiac Death Syndrome Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HH-ptj5jlg8
Pictures Cited
http://www.texasheart.org/HIC/Anatomy/anatomy2.cfm
http://topnews.net.nz/content/214165-cardiac-arrest-more-common-athl
etes
http://mykentuckyheart.com/information/VentricularTachycardia.htm
http://www.heartfailurematters.org/en_GB/Understanding-heart-failure/S
hortness-of-breath
http://www.alcoholtreatmentcentersinflorida.org/alcoholism/alcohol-po
isoning-symptoms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation