DWI DARMAYANTI LELLY LUCKITASARI MOHAMMAD TAUFIK AJI FAHRULI RIDADYAH WILUJENG THE BEETLE General Definition Like other insects, beetles have three major body segments: the head, with a single pair of antennae and usually a pair of compound eyes; the thorax, which typically bears two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs; and the abdomen, where the reproductive and digestive organs are housed. Beetles have chewing jaws called mandibles and paired mouthparts known as maxillary and labial palpi (singular, palpus) that are used for feeding or handling food. The bodies of beetles and other insects are covered by a layer known as the cuticle. In most beetles this is a tough layer that supports the internal organs and protects the body. The cuticle gets its strength because it contains a substance called chitin. Each hard, platelike area of the cuticle is called a sclerite Definisi Umum Seperti serangga pada umumnya, kumbang memiliki tiga bagian badan pokok, yaitu, kepala, dada, dan perut. Kumbang memiliki sepasang antena, mata majemuk, dua pasang sayap, serta tiga pasang kaki. Kumbang memiliki dua rahang pengunyah, yakni rahang atas dan rahang bawah. Badan kumbang memiliki struktur yang keras dan kuat. Badannya terdiri sklereit dan sejenis lapisan lilin yang disebut kutikula. Beetle Classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropode Class : Insecta Ordo : Coleoptera Family : Coccinellidae Genus : Lamprima, Rhinotia, and Chondrophyga Species : Lamprima aurata, Megasoma sp. ,Rhinotia hemistictus, and Chondrophyga dorsalis. The External Morphology Of Beetle Basic Charasteristic 1. It found everywhere, except marine. 2. The wings are thick , hard, and opaque. 3. It has a hard exoskeleton. 4. It has antenna as a primary smelling organ. 5. The body segmented. 6. It has trachea as the main respiratory organ. Ciri-ciri Umum 1. Dapat ditemui dimana saja, kecuali laut. 2. Sayapnya cenderung tebal, keras, dan tidak tembus cahaya. 3. Termasuk hewan dengan rangka luar. 4. Memiliki antena sebagai alat indra penciuman. 5. Tubuhnya bersegmen. 6. Bernapas dengan trakea. 7. Tipe mulutnya pengigit hampir sama seperti belalang. The Beetles Mouth The Habitat The habibat of the beetle is in all natural , especially in the surface of soil and the plant.habitat. Some species live in the fresh water.
Habitat dari kumbang adalah semua
tempat di alam, khususnya di atas permukaan tanah and hidup di atas tumbuhan. Beberapa spesies hidup di air tawar. The Detail Morphology 1. Head In its head there is eyes. The type of eyes is like another insect, it has compund eyes and simple eyes. In its head there is the pair of antennes. 1. Kepala Pada kepalanya terdapat sepasang mata faset dan mata majemuk. Selain itu, di kepalanya juga terdapat antena. The Beetles Head 2. The Thorax The thorax is segmented. It devide into prothorax and pterathorax. The pterahorax divided into mesothorax and metathorax. The thorax is that part from which all three pairs of legs and both pairs of 2. Dada Dadanya memiliki segmentasi tubuh. Dada terbagi atas prothotax dan pterathorax. Pterathorax terbagi lagi menjadi mesothorax dan metathorax. Pada bagian thorax, terdapat sayap dan sebagian dari kakinya. The Beetles Thorax 3. Abdomen The abdomen is the section behind the metathorax, made up of a series of rings, each with a hole for breathing and respiration, called a spiracle, composing three different segmented sclerites: the tergum, pleura, and the sternum. The tergum in almost all species is membranous, or usually soft and concealed by the wings and elytra when not in flight. The pleura are usually small or hidden in some species, with each pleuron having a single spiracle. The sternum is the most widely visible part of the abdomen, being a more or less sclerotized segment. The abdomen itself does not have any appendages, but some (for example, Mordellidae have articulating sternal lobes Perut Bagian ini adalah terletak di belakang metathotrax, tubuhnya bersegmentasi, terdiri dari bagian unik yang disebut spirakel, yang berguna untuk proses pernapasan serta pencernaan. Organ pernapasan dan pencernaan dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut. Anatomy Of Beetle The Beetles Abdomen The Extremities The multisegmented legs end in two to five small segments called tarsi. Like many other insect orders, beetles bear claws, usually one pair, on the end of the last tarsal segment of each leg. While most beetles use their legs for walking, legs may be variously modified and adapted for other uses. Among aquatic families Dyticisdae, Haliplidae, many species of Hydrophilide and others the legs, most notably the last pair, are modified for swimming and often bear rows of long hairs to aid this purpose. Other beetles have fossorial legs that are widened and often spined for digging. Species with such adaptations are found among the scarabs, ground beetles, and clown beetles (family Histeridae). The hind legs of some beetles, such as flea beetles (within Ektrimitas Ekstrimitas dari kumbang terdiri dari kaki yang berjumlah 6 kaki. Kaki kumbang memiliki cakar yang kecil yang berada di ujung kakinya. Nutrition There are various nutrient sources. Those are : 1. Animal and plant debris. 2. Carrions of animal. 3. Pollen, fruit, or leaf. 4. Smaller invertebrates. Physiology Systems 1. Digestive System The nutrient is broken in its mouth by mechanical enzyme. The next step is the nutrient will travel to the stomach and colon. 2. Nervous System The nervous system in beetles contains all the types found in insects, varying between different species, from three thoracic and seven or eight abdominal ganglia which can be distinguished to that in which all the thoracic and abdominal ganglia are fused to form a composite structure 1. Sistem Pencernaan Sistem pencernaan pada kumbang dimulai dari pencernaan mekanis dan kimiawi pada mulut dan bergerak menuju lambung serta usus. 2. Sistem Saraf Sistem saraf pada kumbang sama seperti serangga lainnya. Sistem saraf kumbang terdiri dari ganglia. 3. Respiratory System Like most insects, beetles inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide via a tracheal system. Air enters the body through spiracles, and circulates within the haemocoel in a system of tracheae and tracheoles, through the walls of which the relevant gases can diffuse appropriately 3. Sistem Pernapasan Sistem pernapasan pada kumbang adalah menggunakan trakea untuk sistem pertukaran gas. Selain itu terdapat juga spirakel. 4. Circulatory System Like other insects, beetles have open circulatory systems, based on hemolymph rather than blood. Also as in other insects, a segmented tube-like heart is attached to the dorsal wall of the hemocoel. It has paired inlets or ostia at intervals down its length, and circulates the hemolymph from the main cavity of the haemocoel and out through the anterior cavity in the head 4. Sistem Peredaran Darah Sistem peredaran darah pada kumbang menggunakan sistem peredaran darah terbuka. The Reproduction System The reproducing of beetle is by producing the eggs. When the beetles are mating the sperm cells tranfer to the female beetle and become the mature egg. The Beetles Mating The Life Cycle The process of life cycle is started from egg. The egg will develop into the fisrt step larva. The larva life periods are three steps. After that, the larva will develop become the pupa and the last step is imago (adult beetle)