INTRODUCTION TO THERMOFLUIDS

PART 2 - FLUIDS

1
 INTRODUCTION

What is a Fluid?
A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under an
applied force.
E.g. Air / Liquid

Why study Fluid Mechanics?

It helps us to understand lots of COOL stuff!

o Running Lizard: https://youtu.be/45yabrnryXk

o Walking on water: http://youtu.be/f2XQ97XHjVw

o Wine Tears: http://youtu.be/IhmObGJzYcY

o Fluid Tricks: http://youtu.be/8V6kc0PQa14

o Bacteria swimming: http://youtu.be/2P9hvlsF9_c

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 PROPERTIES OF FLUID

1) Density

m

V
g SG
w
Specific Weight Specific Gravity

water @ 4oC: 1000 kg/m3

air @ 15oC: 1.23 kg/m3

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 PROPERTIES OF FLUID

Density is a function of temperature

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 PROPERTIES OF FLUID

2) Viscosity
It is a form of internal resistance (stickiness) of the fluid
causing resistance to flow. -1
Shear Strain (s )
(Velocity gradient)

du
Shear Stress


( N/m2)
dy
Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity
(N.s/m2) (m2/s)

water @ 25C: 8.90 104 N.s/m2

air @ 15C: 1.78105 N.s/m2
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 PROPERTIES OF FLUID

2) Viscosity
Viscosity is a function of
temperature

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 NEWTONIAN VS NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

E.g.
toothpaste,
Mayonnaise

E.g. E.g.
blood, corn starch,
paint solution

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CALCULATION OF SHEAR STRESS AT 2 LOCATIONS

Example 1.5
The velocity distribution between 2 parallel plates is given by

3V y 2
u( y ) = 2 1 - h

Determine the shear stress at:

1) y = -h (bottom plate) and
2) y = 0 (in the fluid)
If = 1.9Ns/m2, V = 0.6 m/s & h = 0.005m
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CALCULATION OF SHEAR STRESS AT 2 LOCATIONS

du 3V y
From = , = -2
h2
dy 2

(a) y = -h
= (3V / h) = 684N/m 2

(in the direction of flow)

2
3V y
u(y) = 1- (b) y = 0, = 0
2 h
varies linearly with y

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CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT: REVIEW CALCULUS

To analyse the detail of

the entire bucket of
water would be quick
difficult

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CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT: REVIEW CALCULUS

We can sum up the

physics for the whole
bucket of water if we
know what is going on
with one element of
water

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CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT: REVIEW CALCULUS

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CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT: REVIEW CALCULUS

y
x
Assuming the
element is a block
or cube.

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CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT: REVIEW CALCULUS

y Differential volume of
this element is:
x

dV = dxdydz

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CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT: REVIEW CALCULUS

Volume of one differential

element of water is:

dV = dxdydz

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CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT: REVIEW CALCULUS

Volume of one differential

element of water is:

dV = dxdydz

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FLUIDS AT REST
 FLUIDS AT REST
o Free surface
o Pressure at a point
o Pressure variation
o Hydrostatic pressure
o Absolute VS gage pressure

Free surface: boundary

between air and a liquid

Forces acting on this

element of water
[cheesecake]

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 PRESSURE AT A POINT

Consider free-body
diagram z

ps x s

py x z
s
z y
x
y

x x y z pzx y

2

ps: average p on inclined plane of area xs

py: average p on vertical plane of area xz
pz: average p on horizontal plane of area xy
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 PRESSURE AT A POINT
Apply Newtons
2nd Law
Pressure at a point is independent of
direction (Pascals Law) and pressure is
a scalar property of fluid at that point.

In the limit of F y ma y
x0; y0 ;z0 p y x z ps x s sin
x y z
ay
px = py = pz = ps 2
y
p y ps a y
2

F z maz
x y z x y z
pz x y ps x s cos az
z s sin 2 2
z
y s cos p z ps a z
2
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 RELATE PRESSURE VARIATION OVER DISTANCES

y
x

Review Taylor Expansion Series

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TAYLOR SERIES EXPANSION - REVIEW

x/2 x/2

p p + p x
x 2
p - p x
x 2 distance

gradient

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 RELATE PRESSURE VARIATION OVER DISTANCES

z
( p + p z xy
(
z 2
y
x

( p + p y xz
(
( p - p y xz
(
y 2
y 2

xyz

( p - p z xy
(
z 2

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 PRESSURE VARIATION [OVER A DISTANCE]

( p + p z xy
z
(
z 2

y
x

( (p + py y2 xz
p - p y ( xz
(
y 2

xyz

(p - pz z2 xy
(
F z maz
p z p z
p x y p x y x y z x y z a z
z 2 z 2
p p
x z y x y z x y z az g az
z z
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 PRESSURE VARIATION [OVER A DISTANCE]

( p + p z xy
z
(
z 2

y
x

( ( p + py y2 xz
p - p y ( xz
(
y 2

xyz

( p - pz z2 xy
(
F y ma y
p y p y
p x z p x z x y z a y
y 2 y 2
p p
x z y x y z a y ay
y y
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 PRESSURE VARIATION [OVER A DISTANCE]

( p + p z xy
z
(
z 2

y
x

( ( p + py y2 xz
p - p y ( xz
(
y 2

xyz

(p - pz z2 xy
(
F x max
p x p x
p y z p y z x y z a x
x 2 x 2
p p
x z y x y z ax ax
x x
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 PRESSURE VARIATION [OVER A DISTANCE]

p p p
ax ay g az
x y z

Fluids at rest [no acceleration]:

ax = ay = az = 0
p2 z2
dp
dz
g dp gdz
p1 z1

For constant :
p2 p1 g z2 z1
No pressure variation in x- and y- directions,
i.e. pressure is constant in a horizontal plane.
Pressure varies in vertical direction only
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 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

p2 p1 g z2 z1

1. If z1 = z2 p1 = p2

z
2. If we take z1 = 0 (free surface),
and define depth h = - z2
h
(depth is measured from free surface
downwards)
and taking p1 = patm ,

p2 patm gh
Pressure increases
downwards from free surface
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 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE VS GAGE PRESSURE

pabs pgage patm

Analogy: Conversion between Celsius and Kelvin: K=C+

273.15 Content Copyright Nanyang Technological University 30
 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Example
Example 2.1:
2.1:

Find pressure at:

1)Interface
2)Bottom of the tank

Patm = 101.3 kPa

SG (gasoline) = 0.68

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Example
Example 2.1:
2.1:

1) @ the interface
p2 p1 g z2 z1
Let z1 = 0 be at the free surface where p1 = patm

At the interface, z2 = -5.2m

p2 = patm pgz2

p2 =101.3 x 103- (0.68)(1000)(9.81)(-5.2) =135.7 x 103Pa

NOTE:
p2 p1 g z2 z1 is only valid when both z1 & z2 are in the same fluid

2) @ the bottom (z3 = -5.2 - 0.9 = -6.1m)

p3 p2 g z3 z2
p3 p2 g z3 z2
p3 135.7 103 Pa (1000)(9.81)(0.9) 144.5 103 Pa
 APPLICATION OF HYDROSTATICS

Mercury Barometer Used to measure atmospheric pressure

Why mercury instead of water?

-Using Hg h 760 mm
-Using H2O h 10 m
Because Hg = 13.6 H2O

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APPLICATION OF HYDROSTATICS

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 MANOMETER

U-tube manometer
(1) pA = p1
(the same fluid at the same z)

(2) p2 = p1 + 1 gh1
(p increases with depth h1)

Location of
(3) p2 = p3
Interest (the same fluid at the same z)

(2) p3 = patm + 2 gh2

(p increases with depth h2)

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 MANOMETER

Differential U-tube manometer

p2 = pA + 1 gh1
p2 = p3
p3 = p4 + 2 gh2
p4 = pB + 3 gh3
pA - pB = 2 gh2 + 3 gh3 - 1 gh1

Inclined-tube manometer

p A pB 2 gl2 sin 3 gh3 1 gh1

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 BOURDON GAUGE

Used to measure gauge pressure.

(e.g. Tire pressure)

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 COOL STUFF!

Video Links:
o Hydrostatic pressure: http://youtu.be/48IaldwmByE

Further reading and Review:

Derivative: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_derivative

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