Motion Along a Straight

Line
H. Nur
Islami,
S.Si.,
MT.,
Ph.D
 Motion Along a Straight Line
Motion
Position and Displacement
Average Velocity and Average Speed
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Acceleration
Constant Acceleration: A Special Case
Another Look at Constant Acceleration
Free-Fall Acceleration
Graphical Integration in Motion
Analysis
 Trigonometry Review
Example 1 Using Trigonometric Functions
On a sunny day, a tall building casts a shadow that is
67.2 m long. The angle between the suns rays and
the ground is =50.0, as Figure 1.6 shows.
Determine the height of the building.
 Trigonometric Functions
h0
sin h0 sin (1
)
h
h
cos ha
h cos 1 h
h
tan 1)( 0 )
( a h
tan h0
ha ha
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
2 2 2
h h h
0 a
What is the location of downtown Wilmington?
N

Market St. is 6
north of east

W E

To specify a location downtown,

its more convenient to use the
Market St./ 3rd St. coordinate
system
than the East/North coordinate
system

S
Defining a Coordinate System

One-dimensional coordinate system consists of:

a point of reference known as the origin (or zero point),

a line that passes through the chosen origin called a

coordinate axis, one direction along the coordinate axis,
chosen as positive and the other direction as negative,
and the units we use to measure a quantity
 Scalars and Vectors
A scalar quantity is one that can be described with a
single number (including any units) giving its magnitude.

A Vector must be described with both magnitude and

direction.

A vector can be represented by an

arrow:
The length of the arrow represents
the magnitude (always positive) of
the vector.
The direction of the arrow
represents the direction of the
vector.
 A component of a vector along an axis
(one-dimension)
A UNIT VECTOR FOR
A COORDINATE AXIS
is a dimensionless
vector that points in the
direction along a
coordinate axis that is
chosen to be positive.

A one-dimensional vector can be constructed by:

Multiply the unit vector by the magnitude of the vector
Multiply a sign: a positive sign if the vector points to the same
direction of the unit vector; a negative sign if the vector points to
the opposite direction of the unit vector.

A component of a vector along an axis=sign magnitude

 Difference between vectors and scalars

The fundamental distinction between

scalars and vectors is the characteristic
of direction. Vectors have it, and scalars
do not.

Negative value of a scalar means how

much it below zero; negative
component
of a vector means the direction of the
vector points to a negative direction.
Motion

The world, and

everything in it,
moves.
Kinematics: describes
motion.
Dynamics: deals with
the causes of motion.
One-dimensional position vector

The magnitude of the position vector is a scalar that

denotes the distance between the object and the
origin.
The direction of the position vector is positive when the
object is located to the positive side of axis from the
origin and negative when the object is located to the
negative side of axis from the origin.
 Displacement

DISPLACEMENT is defined as the change of an object's

position that occurs during a period of time.

The displacement is a vector that points from an objects

initial position to its final position and has a magnitude
that equals the shortest distance between the two
positions.
SI Unit of Displacement: meter (m)
Example 2: Determine the displacement in the following cases:

(a) A particle moves along a line from

to

(b) A particle moves from to

(c) A particle starts at 5 m, moves to 2 m, and then returns to 5 m

 EXAMPLE 3: Displacements
Three pairs of initial and final positions along
an x axis represent the location of objects
at two successive times: (pair 1) 3 m, +5
m; (pair 2) 3 m, 7 m; (pair 3) 7 m, 3 m.
(a) Which pairs give a negative
displacement?
(b) Calculate the value of the
displacement
in each case using vector notation.
 Velocity and Speed

A student standing still with

the back of her belt at a
horizontal distance of 2.00
m to the left of a spot of
the sidewalk designated as
the origin.
A student starting to walk
slowly. The horizontal
position of the back of her
belt starts at a horizontal
distance of 2.47 m to the
left of a spot designated as
the origin. She is speeding
up for a few seconds and
then slowing down.
 Average Velocity
Displacemen
Average velocity= t
Elapsed time
x x
v i x2 x1 i
t t t t 2 1

x2 and x1 are components of the position vectors at the

final and initial times, and angle brackets denotes the
average of a quantity.

SI Unit of Average Velocity: meter per second (m/s)

Example 4 The Worlds Fastest Jet-Engine Car

Figure (a) shows that the car

first travels from left to right
and covers a distance of 1609
m (1 mile) in a time of 4.740 s.
Figure (b) shows that in the
reverse direction, the car
covers the same distance in
4.695 s. From these data,
determine the average
velocity for each run.
 Example 5: find the average velocity for
the student motion represented by the
graph below between the times t1 = 1.0 s
and t2 = 1.5 s.
 Average Speed

Average speed is defined as:

Check Your Understanding
A straight track is 1600 m in length. A
runner begins at the starting line, runs
due east for the full length of the track,
around, and runs halfway back. The time
turns
for this run is five minutes. What is the
runners average velocity, and what is
average speed? his
 EXAMPLE 6

You drive a beat-up pickup truck along a straight road for

8.4 km at 70 km/h, at which point the truck runs out of
gasoline and stops. Over the next 30 min, you walk
another 2.0 km farther along the road to a gasoline

station.

(a) What is your overall displacement from the

(c) What of
beginning is your
yourdrive
average velocity
to your arrival atfrom the beginning of
the station?
your drive to your arrival at the station? Find it both
numerically
(b) What is theand
timegraphically.
interval from the beginning of your
(d) Suppose that to pump the gasoline, pay for it, and
drive to your arrival at the station?
walk back to the truck takes you another 45 min. What is
your average speed from the beginning of your drive to
your return to the truck with the gasoline?
(10.4km, 0.62h, 17km/h, 9.1 km/h))
 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
x dx dx
v
lim t
t 0 dt dt
i

The instantaneous velocity of an object can be obtained

by taking the slope of a graph of the position component
vs. time at the point associated with that moment in
time
The instantaneous velocity can be obtained by taking a
derivative with respect to time of the object's position.

Instantaneous speed, which is typically called simply

speed, is just the magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity vector,
How to Describe Change of Velocity ?
 Example 7
The position of a particle moving on an x
axis is given by
x = 7.8 + 9.2t 2.1t3

With x in m, and t in seconds. What is its

velocity at t = 3.5s? Is the velocity constant,
or is it continuously changing?
 Example 8
The following equations give the position component,
x(t), along the x axis of a particle's motion in four
situations (in each equation, x is in meters, t is in
seconds, and t > 0):
(1) x = 3t 2
(2) x = 4t2 2
(3) x = 4t2
(4) x = 2.
(a) In which situations is the velocity of the particle
constant?
(b) In which is the vector pointing in the negative x
direction?
 Definition of Acceleration

Change in velocity
Average acceleration=
Elapsed time
v
a v2 v
1

t t t
2 1

SI Unit of Average Acceleration: meter

per second squared (m/s2)
Instantaneous acceleration:

dv d dx 2
d x
a ( ) dt 2
dt dt dt
 An object is accelerated even if all that changes
is only the direction of its velocity and not its
speed.

It is important to realize that speeding up is not

always associated with an acceleration that is
positive. Likewise, slowing down is not always
associated with an acceleration that is negative.
The relative directions of an object's velocity
and
acceleration determine whether the object will
speed up or slow down.
 EXERCISE
A cat moves
its acceleration along an x axis.
if it is moving
(a) in the positive What
directionis the sign
with increasing speed,
of
(b) in the positive direction with decreasing speed,
(c) in the negative direction with increasing speed,
and
(d) negative direction with decreasing
in
speed?
the
 EXAMPLE 9
A particle's position on the x axis
is given by x = 4 27t + t3
with x in meters and t in seconds.
(a) Find the particle's velocity and
function
acceleration function
(b) Is there ever a time. when
vx 0
?

(c) Describe the particle's motion for t 0

 Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

In many types of
motion, the
acceleration is
either constant or
approximately so.
Free-Fall Acceleration
Equations of Motion with Constant Acceleration

When the
acceleration is
constant, the
average
acceleration and
instantaneous
acceleration are
equal.
(1)
 Displacement
Average velocity=
Elapsed time
x x
v i x2 x1 i
t t
t t
2 1

(2)
 For the linier velocity in the equation
, the average velocity over any time
interval
is the average of the velocity at beginning
of interval from t = 0 to the later time t then,
the average velocity is (3)

Substituting (1) to (3) (4)

Substituting (4) to (2)

(5)
Equation Missing quantity
v = v + at x-x
0 0
x - x0 = v t + at2 v
0
= v 2 + 2a(x - x ) t
v2 0 0
x- = a
x (v0 + v)t
x- 0= v0
vt at2
x0
 Example 11

Spotting a police car, you brake a Porsche

from a speed of 100 km/h to a speed of 80
km/h during a displacement of 88 m, at a
constant acceleration.
(a) What is that acceleration? (-1.58 m/s2).
(b) How much time is required for the given
decrease in speed? (3.519 s)
 Sample problem
A stone free fall from a building with 48 m
height. If gravitational acceleration is 9.8
m/s2, and neglect the friction between air
and stone:
How long a stone reached the surface?
(3.1s)
What was rocks velocity at the surface?
(~110km/h)
 Sample problem
Someone tosses a ball up along a y axis,
with an initial speed of 12 m/s. (g=9.8
m/s2)
How long does the ball take to reach its
maximum height? (1.2 s)
What is the maximum height? (7.3 m)
How long does the ball take to reach a
point 5 m above its release point? s
(0.53 and 1.9 s)
 Example 10 A Falling Stone
A stone is dropped from
the top of a tall building.
After 3.00 s of free-fall,
(a) what is the velocity of
the stone?
(b) what is the
displacement y of the
stone?