Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CORDINATES
1. Models of the figure of the Earth
The expression figure of the
Earth has various meanings
in geodesy according to the way
it is used and the precision with
which the Earth's size and shape
is to be defined.
The actual topographic surface is most
apparent with its variety of land forms and
water areas.
This is, in fact, the surface on which actual
Earth measurements are made.
The physical surface of the Earth is not a
mathematical expression, but to solve the
problems of science and practice is required
to know the spatial location of its points.
There are various models of the figure of
the Earth:
Sphere
Geoid
Guasigeod
Ellipsoid
Geoid
The geoid is the shape that the surface
of the oceans would take under the
influence of Earth's and rotation alone, in
the absence of gravity her influences
such as winds and tides.
This surface is extended through the
continents .
All points on the geoid have the same
gravity potential energy.
Geoid, Quasigeoid
and Ellipsoid
Surface of
Earth
geoid quasigeoid
ocean geoid
Ellipsoid
plumb line
plumb line
a
Flattening
1 ( b) / a
17
Many methods exist for determination of the
axes of an Earth ellipsoid
meridian arc
astro-geodetic geoid determination
modern satellite geodesy
analysis and interconnection of
continental geodetic networks.
Meridian
arc measurement is the
distance between two
points with the
same longitude, i.e.,
a segment of
a meridian curve or its
length. Two or more such
determinations at different
locations then specify the
shape of the reference
ellipsoid
High precision land surveys
can be used to determine
the distance between two
places at nearly the same
longitude by measuring a
base line and a chain of
triangles.
The distance along the
meridian from one end point
to a point at the same
latitude as the second end
point is then calculated by
trigonometry.
31
TERRESTRIAL GEOCENTRIC
SYSTEM
The origin is near the centre of the Earth
(geocentric coordinate system).
Axis OZ is aligned to the earth's axis of rotation,
Axis OX is the intersection between the equator
plane and the plane containing the Greenwich
meridian.
Axis OY complements the system to right.
The system is right-handed.
The position of the point M defined by
coordinates: X- abscissa ,ordinate Y and Z-
applicate.
TERRESTRIAL GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM
M
X = OM2
b H
Y = M 1M 2
Z = MM1
0
O a
B Y
L
2
1
X
Cartesian coordinate system
The Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies
each point in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates x and y. The left
Cartesian coordinate system is used in surveying.
The point of intersection O is
NORTH
the zero of the coordinate
system.
The value of x is called the x-
coordinate or abscissa and the
value of y is called the y-
EAST coordinate or ordinate.
WEST
The coordinates can also be
defined as the positions of
the perpendicular projections of
the point onto the two axes.
SOUTH
34
Polar coordinate system
This system is used for
determining the position of
points on the small areas in the
topographic survey.
The point O is the pole of
coordinate system. d
36
Direct Geodetic Problem
It is the calculation of the coordinates
X2, Y2 of the second point, if known
coordinates X1, Y1 of the first point,
Grid azimuth (or bearing r) and
horizontal distance d between points.
Direct Geodetic Problem
Given:
2 Coordinates of point 1
(X1Xand
2= X 1 + x1-2
Y1)
grid azimuth 1-2 or
Y2= Y1 + y 1-2
bearing r1-2 and
x 1-2 =d
horizontal os r d1-2
distance
between points
1 y 1-2 =d sin r 1-2
Calculate:
Coordinates of point 2
(X2 and Y2)
38
Relationships Between Bearings and Azimuths:
Y Numerical value
quadran
t letters
quadrant
+ + r 1 = 1 From 0 to
NE
90
- + r2 = 180 2 From 90 to
SE
180
41
Inverse Geodetic Problem
,
y2 y1 y
tgr1 2
Given:
x2 x1 x
2 Coordinates of point 1
and 2 r (X1 and y
Y1;
12 rctg
X2 and Y2) x
Calculate:
determine thebearing r1-2
grid azimuth 1-2
grid azimuth 1-2 and
the length of horizontal
y
1 d
distance d x 2 y 2
cos r sin r
42
Relationships Between Bearings and Azimuths:
Y quadrant
Numerical value quadrant
letters
+ + r1 = 1
NE From 0 to 90
- + r2 = 180 2
SE From 90 to 180
- - r3 = 3 180
SW From 180 to 270
+ - r4 = 360 4
NW From 270 to 360
Problem 3. There are the coordinates of points
A and B: XA = 264.92 m, YA = 312.04 m,
X B = 195.34 m, YB = 283,36m. Determine the
bearing, grid azimuth of line AB and the
length of horizontal distance between points A
and B . Draw a figure.
Gauss Kruger
projection
Gauss Kruger projection of the
projection is proposed by the German
mathematician, physicist and
astronomer Gauss in 1820s, after the
German geodesist Krueger in 1912 on
the projection formula to be added, it
is known as the Gauss Kruger
projection, also known as "cross
equiangular elliptic cylindrical
projection"
Gauss Kruger projection
Gauss Kruger projection
48
The elements on the surface (distance,
angle, graphics) will be projected onto the
plane, and the original distance, angle,
graphics rendering differences, this
difference is called Projection deformation
Projection deformation forms: angle
deformation, deformation and deformation
area length.
The characteristics of Gauss Kruger projection:
1. The central meridian without deformation
2. In the same latitude, farther away from the
central meridian and the greater the deformation
maximum at the edge of projection zone.
3. In the same longitude, latitude is lower the
greater the deformation, maximum at the
equator.
The central meridian and
the equator is a straight
line and the intersection to
the central meridian and
the equator 0 as the origin
of coordinates, projection
on the central meridian as
ordinate axis (X), to the
equator projection for the
horizontal axis (Y), thus
forming the Gauss plane
rectangular coordinate
system.
The zones are
numbered starting from
the Greenwich meridian
toward the east.
So between longitudes
0 and 6 is the 1st
zone , between the
meridians 6 and 12
is second zone, etc.
Our country is limited
by the meridians
23,6 west and
32,8 from the east;
latitudes 56 north
and 51,2 from the
south, thus is located in
4,5 and 6 zones Gauss
Kruger projection
Longitude central
meridians are
calculated according
to their numbers
0 = 6 n - 3
where 0
longitude central (1)
meridians;
n number of
zone
True ordinate and converted
ordinate
In order to avoid the negative
ordinate, is used a
conventional meridian with
-500 000m in the ordinate.
Thus the intersection the central
meridian and the equator has
coordinates
x=0 m , y=500 000 m.
The number of the zone should
be write in the front.
This is called the national
coordinate system of coordinate.
( SC-42, SC-95)
True ordinate and converted ordinate
Yconv.=Y true +500 000 m and write the number of the
zone as the most significant digit
For example,
True ordinate The converted ordinate
Y true =+152833,5 m (in the 5 zone) Y conv.= 5 652833,5 m
(located in the east of the central meridian)
Y true = - 127893,6 m (in the 7zone) Y conv. = 7 372106,4 m
located in the west of the central meridian
East
meridian
West longitude
meridian