Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Financial Statement
Analysis
Pearson Education Limited 2004
Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12/e
Created by: Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.
Carroll College, Waukesha, WI
6-1
After studying Chapter 6,
you should be able to:
Understand the purpose of basic financial statements and their
contents.
Explain why financial statement analysis is important to the firm and
to outside suppliers of capital.
Define, calculate, and categorize (according to liquidity, financial
leverage, coverage, activity, and profitability) the major financial ratios
and understand what they can tell us about the firm.
Define, calculate, and discuss a firms operating cycle and cash cycle.
Use ratios to analyze a firm's health and then recommend reasonable
alternative courses of action to improve the health of the firm.
Analyze a firms return on investment (i.e., earning power) and
return on equity using a DuPont approach.
Understand the limitations of financial ratio analysis.
Use trend analysis, common-size analysis, and index analysis to gain
additional insights into a firm's performance.
6-2
Financial
Statement Analysis
Financial Statements
A Possible Framework for Analysis
Balance Sheet Ratios
Income Statement and Income
Statement/Balance Sheet Ratios
Trend Analysis
Common-Size and Index Analysis
6-3
Examples of External Uses
of Statement Analysis
Trade Creditors -- Focus on the
liquidity of the firm.
Bondholders -- Focus on the
long-term cash flow of the firm.
Shareholders -- Focus on the
profitability and long-term health of
the firm.
6-4
Examples of Internal Uses
of Statement Analysis
Plan -- Focus on assessing the current
financial position and evaluating
potential firm opportunities.
Control -- Focus on return on investment
for various assets and asset efficiency.
Understand -- Focus on understanding
how suppliers of funds analyze the firm.
6-5
Primary Types of
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
A summary of a firms financial position on
a given date that shows total assets = total
liabilities + owners equity.
Income Statement
A summary of a firms revenues and
expenses over a specified period, ending
with net income or loss for the period.
6-6
Basket Wonders Balance
Sheet (Asset Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2007a
Cash and C.E. $ 90 a. How the firm stands on
Acct. Rec.c 394 a specific date.
Inventories 696 Prepaid Exp d b. What BW owned.
5 Accum Tax Prepay c. Amounts owed by
10 customers.
Current Assetse d. Future expense items
$1,195 Fixed Assets (@Cost) f
already paid.
1030 Less: Acc. Depr. g
e. Cash/likely convertible
(329) Net Fix. Assets $ 701
to cash within 1 year.
Investment, LT 50 Other
Assets, LT 223 Total f. Original amount paid.
Assets b $2,169 g. Acc. deductions for
6-7 wear and tear.
Basket Wonders Balance
Sheet (Liability Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2007
Notes Payable $ 290 a. Note, Assets =
Acct. Payablec 94 Liabilities + Equity.
Accrued Taxes d 16 Other b. What BW owed and
Accrued Liab. d 100 ownership position.
Current Liab. e $ 500 c. Owed to suppliers for
Long-Term Debt f 530 goods and services.
Shareholders Equity d. Unpaid wages, salaries,
Com. Stock ($1 par) g 200 etc.
Add Pd in Capital g 729 e. Debts payable < 1 year.
Retained Earnings h 210 f. Debts payable > 1 year.
Total Equity $1,139 g. Original investment.
6-8 Total Liab/Equity
a,b $2,169
h. Earnings reinvested.
Basket Wonders
Income Statement
Basket Wonders Statement of Earnings (in thousands)
for Year Ending December 31, 2007a
Net Sales $ 2,211 Cost of a. Measures profitability
Goods Sold b 1,599 over a time period.
Gross Profit $ 612 SG&A b. Received, or receivable,
Expenses c 402 from customers.
EBITd $ 210 c. Sales comm., adv.,
Interest Expensee 59 officers salaries, etc.
EBT f $ 151 Income d. Operating income.
Taxes 60 EATg $ e. Cost of borrowed funds.
91 Cash Dividends f. Taxable income.
38 Increase in RE $ g. Amount earned for
53
6-9 shareholders.
Framework for
Financial Analysis
Trend / Seasonal Component
How much funding will be
required in the future?
1. Analysis of the funds
needs of the firm. Is there a seasonal
component?
Health of a Firm
6-11
Framework for
Financial Analysis
6-14
Use of Financial Ratios
6-15
External Comparisons and
Sources of Industry Ratios
This involves Examples:
comparing the ratios Risk Management
of one firm with those Association
of similar firms or with
industry averages. Dun & Bradstreet
Almanac of
Similarity is important Business and
as one should Industrial
compare apples to Financial Ratios
6-16
apples.
Liquidity Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios Current
Current Assets
Liquidity Ratios
Current Liabilities
6-22
Acid-Test Ratio -- Trend
Analysis Comparison
6-23
Summary of the Liquidity
Trend Analyses
The current ratio for BW has been rising
at the same time the acid-test ratio has
been declining.
The current ratio for the industry has
been rising slowly at the same time the
acid-test ratio has been relatively stable.
This indicates that inventories are a
significant problem for BW.
BW
6-24
Financial Leverage Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios Debt-to-Equity
Total Debt
Financial Leverage
Shareholders Equity
Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2007
Shows the extent to
which the firm is $1,030 = .90
financed by debt. $1,139
6-25
Financial Leverage
Ratio Comparisons
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Year BW Industry
2007 .90 .90
2006 .88 .90
2005 .81 .89
BW has average debt utilization
6-26
relative to the industry average.
Financial Leverage Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios Debt-to-Total-Assets
Total Debt
Financial Leverage
Total Assets
Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Shows the percentage December 31, 2007
of the firms assets
that are supported by $1,030 = .47
debt financing. $2,169
6-27
Financial Leverage
Ratio Comparisons
Debt-to-Total-Asset Ratio
Year BW Industry
2007 .47 .47
2006 .47 .47
2005 .45 .47
BW has average debt utilization
6-28
relative to the industry average.
Financial Leverage Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios Total Capitalization
(i.e., LT-Debt + Equity)
6-33
Summary of the Coverage
Trend Analysis
The interest coverage ratio for BW has
been falling since 2005. It has been
below industry averages for the past
two years.
This indicates that low earnings (EBIT)
may be a potential problem for BW.
BW
Note, we know that debt levels are in
line with the industry averages.
6-34
Activity Ratios
Income Statement / Receivable Turnover
(Assume all sales are credit sales.)
Balance Sheet
Ratios Annual Net Credit Sales
Receivables
Activity Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Indicates quality of December 31, 2007
receivables and how
successful the firm is in $2,211 = 5.61
its collections. $394
6-35
Activity Ratios
Income Statement / Avg Collection Period
Balance Sheet
Ratios Days in the Year
Receivable Turnover
6-43
Activity Ratios
Income Statement / Total Asset Turnover
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Sales
Total Assets
Activity Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2007
Indicates the overall
effectiveness of the firm $2,211 = 1.02
in utilizing its assets to $2,169
generate sales.
6-44
Activity
Ratio Comparisons
Total Asset Turnover Ratio
Year BW Industry
2007 1.02 1.17
2006 1.03 1.14
2005 1.01 1.13
BW has a weak total asset turnover ratio.
6-45
Why is this ratio considered weak?
Profitability Ratios
Income Statement / Gross Profit Margin
Balance Sheet
Ratios Gross Profit
Net Sales
Profitability Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2007
Indicates the efficiency
of operations and firm $612 = .277
pricing policies. $2,211
6-46
Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Gross Profit Margin
Year BW Industry
2007 27.7% 31.1%
2006 28.7 30.8
2005 31.3 27.6
BW has a weak Gross Profit Margin.
6-47
Gross Profit Margin --
Trend Analysis Comparison
6-48
Profitability Ratios
Income Statement / Net Profit Margin
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Profit after Taxes
Net Sales
Profitability Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2007
Indicates the firms
profitability after taking $91 = .041
account of all expenses $2,211
and income taxes.
6-49
Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Net Profit Margin
Year BW Industry
2007 4.1% 8.2%
2006 4.9 8.1
2005 9.0 7.6
BW has a poor Net Profit Margin.
6-50
Net Profit Margin --
Trend Analysis Comparison
6-51
Profitability Ratios
Income Statement / Return on Investment
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Profit after Taxes
Total Assets
Profitability Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Indicates the profitability December 31, 2007
on the assets of the firm
(after all expenses and $91 = .042
taxes). $2,160
6-52
Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Return on Investment
Year BW Industry
2007 4.2% 9.8%
2006 5.0 9.1
2005 9.1 10.8
BW has a poor Return on Investment.
6-53
Return on Investment
Trend Analysis Comparison
6-54
Profitability Ratios
Income Statement / Return on Equity
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Profit after Taxes
Shareholders Equity
Profitability Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Indicates the profitability December 31, 2007
to the shareholders of
the firm (after all $91 = .08
expenses and taxes). $1,139
6-55
Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Return on Equity
Year BW Industry
2007 8.0% 17.9%
2006 9.4 17.2
2005 16.6 20.4
BW has a poor Return on Equity.
6-56
Return on Equity --
Trend Analysis Comparison
6-57
Return on Investment and
the Du Pont Approach
Earning Power = Sales profitability X
Asset efficiency
ROI = Net profit margin X
Total asset turnover
ROI2007 = .041 x 1.02 = .042 or 4.2%
ROIIndustry = .082 x 1.17 = .098 or 9.8%
6-58
Return on Equity and
the Du Pont Approach
Return On Equity = Net profit margin X
Total asset turnover X
Equity Multiplier
Total Assets
Equity Multiplier =
Shareholders Equity
An analysis of percentage
financial statements where all
balance sheet items are divided
by total assets and all income
statement items are divided by
net sales or revenues.
6-62
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6-63
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6-65
C ashDiv 5050504.02.42.3
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6-67
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6-68
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6-69
C ashDiv 50505010.010.010.0