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power to AC power
Some inverters put out electricity of higher
12V DC Power
VIDEO
DC TO AC CIRCUIT
How do they work?
There are 2 types of electrical inverters, the first takes
low voltage high current power from a PV panel or
battery and sends it through a chopping circuit
which changes it to low voltage high current AC power
at 60Hz. The power then goes through a series of
large transformers which output 120V AC power at
60Hz
How do they work?
The second type of electrical inverter is more complex. Two
chopping circuits are employed to make it possible for a much
smaller and lighter transformer to be used. The DC power is
converted to very high frequency AC power which is easier to
transform into high voltage low current power. The power is
then rectified back into DC power and sent through a second
chopping circuit to turn it into 60Hz 120V AC.
How are Inverters rated?
Continuous output rating: The
maximum wattage that the inverter can
support long term, includes all everyday
appliances, lights and anything else that
consumes power.
Surge capacity rating: The maximum
cigarette lighter
Large inverters can be used in a solar or
https://www.bcgwa.org/ppt
/2007conventionppt/Dave%20Mellis.
ppt
Typical speed
versus torque
curve for a
NEMA design B
motor.
% Synchronous Speed
AC Induction Motor Issues
Starting Induction Motors
The starting current is very high, between 3 to 8
times the full load current. Depending on the size
of the motor, this can result in voltage sags in
the power system.
The full torque is applied instantly at starting
and the mechanical shock can eventually
damage the drive system, particularly with
materials handling equipment, such as
conveyors.
In spite of the high starting current, for some
applications the starting torque may be
relatively low, only 1.0 to 2.5 times full load
torque.
AC Induction Motor Theory
The speed of the rotating electric
field within the induction motor.
VSD Regulator
PID Control
valve
Supply
motor pump
Power loss
Mainly in valve
Example on VSD application
Constant speed Variable Speed Drives
valve
Supply Supply
motor pump motor
PEC pump
valve
Supply Supply
motor pump motor
PEC pump
Power loss
Power loss
Mainly in valve
Conventional electric drives (variable speed)
Bulky
Inefficient
inflexible
Modern electric drives
(With power electronic converters)
Small
Efficient
Flexible
Modern electric drives
Non-linear control
Real-time control
DSP application
PFC
Speed sensorless
Power electronic converters
Inter-disciplinary
Several research area
Expanding
Components in electric
drives
Motors
DC motors - permanent magnet wound field
AC motors induction, synchronous (IPMSM, SMPSM),
brushless DC
Applications, cost, environment
Natural speed-torque characteristic is not compatible with
load requirements
Power sources
DC batteries, fuel cell, photovoltaic - unregulated
AC Single- three- phase utility, wind generator -
unregulated
Power processor
To provide a regulated power supply
Combination of power electronic converters
More efficient
Flexible
Compact
AC-DC DC-DC DC-AC AC-AC
Components in electric
drives
Control unit
Complexity depends on performance requirement
analog- noisy, inflexible, ideally has infinite bandwidth.
digital immune to noise, configurable, bandwidth is
smaller than the analog controllers
DSP/microprocessor flexible, lower bandwidth - DSPs
perform faster operation than microprocessors
(multiplication in single cycle), can perform complex
estimations
Electrical isolation between control circuit and power
circuit is needed:
Malfuction in power circuit may damage control circuit
Safety for the operator
Avoid conduction of harmonic to control circuit
Components in electric
drives
Sensors
Sensors (voltage, current, speed or torque) is normally
required for closed-loop operation or protection
Electrical isolation between sensors and control circuit
is needed for the reasons previously explained
The term sensorless drives is normally referred to the
drive system where the speed is estimated rather than
measured.
Overview of AC and DC drives