Non-resonant Line

A non-resonant line is defined as one of

infinite length or one that is terminated with a
resistive load equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line.
In non-resonant line, all of the energy
transferred down the line is absorbed by the
load resistance.
Since the non-resonant line may be either
infinite or one terminated in its characteristic
impedance, the physical length is not critical
Fig. NON-RESONANT LINE
 Resonant Transmission
Line
A resonant line is defined as a transmission
line that is terminated with an impedance
that is not equal to its characteristic
impedance.
Unlike the non resonant line, the length of
the resonant line is critical.
In some applications, the resonant line may
be terminated in either an open or a short.
When this occurs, some very interesting
effects may be observed.
 DC Applied to an Open-Circuited
Line
A transmission line of finite length
terminated in an open circuit is
illustrated below.

Fig. OPEN-ENDED TRANSMISSION LINE.

 The characteristic impedance of the line is
assumed to be equal to the internal impedance
of the source.
Because of this, the applied voltage will be
divided equally between the impedance of the
source and the impedance of the line.
When switch S1 is closed, current begins to flow
as the capacitors begin to charge through the
inductors.
As each capacitor charges in turn, the voltage
move down the line.
 As the last capacitor is charged to the same voltage
as every other capacitor, there will be no difference
in potential between points e and g.
This is true because the capacitors will posses
exactly the same charge .
The inductor L3 is also connected between points e
and g.
since there is no difference in potential between
points e and g, there can no longer be current flow
through the inductor.
This means that the magnetic field about the
inductor will collapse.
 It is characteristic of the field about an inductor
to tend to keep current flowing in the same
direction when the magnetic field collapse.
This additional current will flow into capacitor
C3.
Since the energy stored in the magnetic field is
equal to that stored in the capacitor, the
charge on capacitor C3 will double.
The voltage on capacitor C3 will be equal to the
value of applied voltage.
 Since there is no difference of potential
between point c and e, the magnetic field
about inductor L2 will collapse, forcing the
charge on capacitor C2 to double its value.
The field about inductor L1 will also
collapse, doubling the voltage on C1.
The combined effect of the collapsing
magnetic field about each inductor causes
a voltage twice the value of the original to
apparently move back toward the source.
 This voltage movement in the opposite
direction caused by the conditions just
described is called reflection.
The reflected voltage wave in an open
transmission line has same polarity and
amplitude as the incident voltage wave.
Current is reflected from an open end
with opposite polarity and without
change in amplitude.
 Incident and Reflected
Wave
The situation for a 100-V battery with 50-
source resistor is illustrated in the following
figure.
The battery is applied to open-circuit with 50-
characteristic impedance at time t = 0.
50 V is dropped across Rs, while 50-V level
propagates down the line, and 1 Ampere is
drawn from the battery.
The reflected voltage from the open circuit is 50
V, so that the resultant voltage is 100 V when
this reflected voltage gets back to the battery.
 Assume that, it takes 1- s for the energy
to travel towards the end of the line, and
1- s for the reflection to get back to the
battery.
So, the voltage at the input is 50 V until t
= 2 s, and 100 V when t = 2 s.
The voltage at the load is zero until t = 1
s, when it jumps to 100 V due to the 50 V
just reaching and the resulting 50-V
reflection.
 As shown in the figure, the incident current is 1 A ,
which is 100V / (Rs + Z0).
The reflected current for an open-circuited line is out
of phase and therefore, is -1 A with a result of 0 A.
The current at the load is always zero since when
the incident 1 A reaches the load it is immediately
cancelled by the reflected -1 A.
Therefore, it is seen that, after 1 s at the load and
after 2 s at the source, the voltage of an open line
is equal to the source voltage, and the current is
zero.
 Reflected V in phase
Reflected I out of phase

FIG. DC APPLIED TO AN OPEN-CIRCUITED LINE.

DC Applied to a Short-Circuited
Line
The condition of applying a 100-V, 50-
source resistance battery to a shorted 50-
transmission line is shown in the following
figure.
Once again, assume that it takes 1 s for
energy to travel the length of the line.
The complete analysis presented with the
open-circuited line will now be repetitive.
Only the difference and final result will now
be discussed.
 When the incident current of 1 A reaches the short-
circuited load, the reflected current is 1 A and in
phase, so, the load current becomes 1 A + 1 A = 2
A.
The incident voltage (+50 V) is reflected back out
of phase (-50 V) so that resultant voltage at the
short circuit is zero.
Conclusion:
The voltage reflection from an open circuit is in phase,
while from a short circuit it is out of phase.
The current reflection from an open circuit is out of
phase, while from a short circuit it is in phase.
 Reflected V out of
phase
Reflected I in
phase

Fig. DC APPLIED TO A SHORT-CIRCUITED LINE

 Standing Waves: Open
Line
Reflected waves are highly undesirable.
It is known that when the impedance of the
source is equal to the characteristic impedance
of the line, and that the line is terminated in its
characteristic impedance, there is a maximum
transfer of power, complete absorption of
energy by the load, and no reflected waves.
If the line is not terminated in its characteristic
impedance, there will be reflected waves
present on the line.
 When a mismatch occurs, there is an
interaction between the incident and
reflected waves.
When the applied signal is AC, this
interaction results in the creation of a new
kind of wave called a standing wave.
This name is given to those waveforms
that apparently seem to remain in one
position, varying only in amplitude.
 Standing Wave Ratio
A standing wave is the result of an
incident and reflected wave.
The ratio of reflected voltage to
incident voltage is called the
reflection coefficient, .
it is a parameter that describes how
much of the incident wave is
reflected back by an impedance
mismatch.
 Er

Ei

E r is the reflected voltage

E i is the incident voltage
 When a line is terminated with short, open, or
purely reactive load, total reflection takes
place. Hence reflected wave equals incident
wave, so ||= 1.
When a line is terminated with a resistance
equal to the lines Z0, no reflection occurs, and
therefore, = 0.
For all other cases of termination, the load will
absorb some of the incident energy but not all.
Therefore, will be between 0 and 1.
 The reflection coefficient may also be
expressed in terms of the load
impedance:

ZL Z 0

ZL Z 0
ZL = Load
Impedance
 On a lossless line, the voltage
maximums and minimums of a
standing wave have a constant
amplitude.
The ratio of the maximum voltage to
minimum on a line is called the
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).
E max Where E maxis the maximum amplitud

VSWR and E minis the minimum amplitude of

the standing wave
E min
 In a more general sense, it is
sometimes referred to as simply the
standing wave ratio (SWR) since it
is also equal to the ratio of maximum
current to minimum current.
Therefore,
E max Im ax
SWR VSWR
E min Im in
 The VSWR can also be expressed in
terms of .
1
VSWR
1

The VSWR has an infinite value

when total reflection occurs, and has
a value of 1 when no reflection
occurs.
 The VSWR can be determined quite
easily, if the load is a known value of
pure resistance.
Z0
VSWR Use this when Z0 > RL
RL
OR
RL Use this when RL>Z0
VSWR
Z0
Where RL is the load resistanc
Disadvantages of Not Having a
Flat Line
1. The full generator power does not
reach the load.
2. The cable dielectric may break down
as a result of high-value standing
wave of voltage (voltage nodes).
3. Noise problems are increased by
mismatches.
 Example 6
A transmitter operating at 27 MHz with a 4-W
output is connected via 10 m of coaxial cable
to an antenna that has an input resistance of
300 . Assume velocity of the cable to be
2.07x108m/s, and Z0 is 50 . Determine
a) The reflection coefficient
b) The electrical length of the cable in ()
c) The VSWR
d) The amount of power reflected and the
amount of power absorbed by the antenna.
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