JDK1.

5 Features
Version 1.0

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Course Objective
The Objective of Java course is:
To understand the new features provided with jdk1.5

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Java 2 Standard Edition 1.5
New features
Generics
Enhanced for loop (foreach)
Autoboxing/Unboxing
Type-safe enumerations
Varargs
Static import
Metadata
Scanner and command-line input
Printf

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Generics
Problem: Collection element types
Cannot be checked at compile time
Assignment must use cast
Can cause runtime errors
( ClassCastException)
Solution:
Tell the compiler what type your collection is
Compiler can fill in casts for you

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Using Generics
Find a data structure that accepts Object(s)
ArrayList, LinkedList, HashMap, HashSet, Stack
Not arrays: they already take explicit types!
Declare the data structure with the type(s) in
angle brackets immediately after class name
ArrayList<String> myStrings = new ArrayList<String>();
HashMap<String,String> myHashtable =
new HashMap<String,String>();
Insert objects of the appropriate type
myStrings.add("Some String");
myHashtable.put("Some Key", "Some Value");
No typecast required on removal
String myValue = myStrings.get(0);
String myOtherValue = myHashtable.get("Some Key");

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Generics Example
Old code
List l = new LinkedList();
l.add(new Integer(0));
Integer i = (Integer)l.iterator.next();
New code
List<Integer> l = new LinkedList<Integer>();
l.add(new Integer(0));
Integer i = l.iterator.next();

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Generics
Generics are NOT templates
No code size increase
No hideous complexity
No template metaprogramming

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Enhanced for Loop (foreach)
Problem:
Iterating over collections is tricky
Often, iterator only used to get an element
Iterator is error prone (Occurs three times in a for loop)
Can produce subtle runtime errors
Solution: Let the compiler do it
New for loop syntax
for (variable : collection)

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For/Each Loops
Idea
Instead of looping with a numeric index, set a local
variable to each item of a collection or array in order
Basic syntax
for(Type item: collectionOrArrayOfTypes) {
doSomethingWith(item);
}
Applies to
List, Map, Queue, Set, and other collections
Arrays

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Enhanced for loop example
Old code
void cancelAll(Collection c) {
for (Iterator i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
TimerTask task = (TimerTask)i.next();
task.cancel(); } }
New Code
void cancelAll(Collection<TimerTask> c) {
for (TimerTask task : c)
task.cancel();
}
Also works for arrays

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Sample Code
public static void listEntries(String[] entries) {
for(String entry: entries) {
System.out.println(entry);
}
}
Result
String[] test = {"This", "is", "a", "test"};
listEntries(test);
This
is
a
test

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Auto-boxing of primitive types
Problem:
Conversion between primitive types and wrapper objects (and vice-versa)
Needed when adding primitives to a collection
Solution: Let the compiler do it
Integer intObj = 22; // Boxing conversion
int i = (int)intObj // Unboxing conversion
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add(22); // Boxing conversion

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Autoboxing
You cannot insert primitives into tables, lists, or
anything else expecting an Object
Java provides wrapper types for this purpose (int Integer, etc.)
In Java 5, system converts automatically
Performance Warning
Every insert converts to wrapper type (Integer above)
Every retrieval converts to primitive type (int above)
Use arrays for performance-critical access

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Example: Finding State Abbreviations
Based on State Names
public class StateMap extends HasMap{
public StateMap(){
stateMap = new HashMap<String,String>();
for(String[] state:stateArray){
stateMap.put(state[0], state[1]);
}
}

public HashMap<String,String> getStateMap(){

return(stateMap);
}

private HashMap<String,String> stateMap;

public String[][] getStateArray(){

return stateArray;
}

private String [][] stateArray = { {"Alabama","AL"}, {"Alaska","AK"}, {"Arizona","AZ"), ..,}

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Example: Continued
public class MapTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StateMap states = new StateMap();
HashMap<String,String> stateAbbreviationTable =
states.getStateMap();
Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter state names. " +
"Hit RETURN to quit.");
String stateName;
String abbreviation;
while(true) {
System.out.print("State: ");
stateName = inputScanner.nextLine();
if (stateName.equals("")) {
System.out.println("Come again soon.");
break;
}
abbreviation = stateAbbreviationTable.get(stateName);
if (abbreviation == null) {
abbreviation = "Unknown";
}
System.out.println(abbreviation);
}
}
}

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Typesafe Enumerations
Problem:
Variable needs to hold limited set of values
e.g. Card suit can only be Spade, Diamond, Club, Heart
Solution: New type of class declaration
enum type has public, self-typed members for each enum constant
new keyword, enum
works with switch statement

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Enumeration Example
public enum Suit { spade, diamond, club, heart } ;
public enum Value { ace, two, three, four, five,
six, seven, eight, nine, ten,
jack, queen, king } ;
List<card> deck = new ArrayList<card>();
for (Suit suit : Suit.VALUES)
for (Value value : Value.VALUES)
deck.add(new Card(suit, value);
Collections.shuffle(deck);

public enum Coin {

penny(1), nickel(5), dime(10), quarter(25);
Coin(int value) { this.value = value; }
private final int value;
public int value() { return value; }
}

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Varargs
Problem:
To have a method that takes a variable number of parameters
Can be done with an array, but not nice
Look at java.text.MessageFormat
Solution: Let the compiler do it for you
New syntax:
public static String format(String fmt,Object... args);
Java gets printf !!!

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Variable-Length Arguments
The printf method takes any number of
arguments
You can use overloading to define a few versions of printf with different argument
lengths, but it takes any number of arguments
To do this yourself, use "type ... variable"
variable becomes an array of given type
Only legal for final argument of method
Examples
public void printf(String format, Object ... arguments)
public int max(int ... numbers)
Can call max(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) or max(someArrayOfInts)
Use sparingly
You usually know how many arguments are possible

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Varargs: Example
public class MathUtils {
public static int min(int ... numbers) {
int minimum = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for(int number: numbers) {
if (number < minimum) {
minimum = number;
}
}
return(minimum);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.printf("Min of 2 nums: %d.%n",
min(2,1));
System.out.printf("Min of 7 nums: %d.%n",
min(2,4,6,8,1,2,3));
}
}

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Static imports
Problem:
Having to fully qualify every static referenced from external classes
Solution: New import syntax
import static TypeName . Identifier ;
import static Typename . * ;
Also works for static methods and enums
e.g Math.sin(x) becomes sin(x)

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Metadata
Problem:
Some APIs require lots of standard code
How to indicate this to a tool
Solution: Annotated source code
e.g. @remote getPrice(Product p)

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Concurrency Utilities
Goal: Beat C performance in high end server side applications
New framework for locks to provide greater flexibility over synchronized
No more threads, use Executors
Use anExecutor.execute(aRunnable)
Not new Thread(aRunnable).start();
Runnable and Callable
Callable for things that return values and/or exceptions

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Scanner and command-line input
Basic Syntax
Attach a Scanner to System.in
Call nextLine, nextInt, nextDouble, etc
Examples
Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in);
String s = inputScanner.nextLine();
int i = inputScanner.nextInt();
double d = inputScanner.nextDouble();
Notes
Scanner for System.in is useful only for simple testing
Use a GUI in a real application
But you can also attach a Scanner to a File, a Socket, a
Process, and more

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Example: Printing Random Numbers
import java.util.*;
public class RandomNums {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("How many random nums? ");
Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = inputScanner.nextInt();
for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
System.out.println("Random num " + i +
" is " + Math.random());
}
}
}
How many random nums? 5
Random num 0 is 0.22686369670835704
Random num 1 is 0.0783768527137797
Random num 2 is 0.17918121951887145
Random num 3 is 0.3441924454634313
Random num 4 is 0.6131053203170818

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Formatted Output: printf
Takes a variable number of arguments
System.out.printf("Formatting String", arg1, arg2, );
Advantages
Lets you insert values into output without much clumsier String concatenation.
Lets you control the width of results so things line up
Lets you control the number of digits after the decimal point in numbers, for consistent-
looking output
Very similar to C/C++ printf function
If you know printf in C/C++, you can probably use Java's printf immediately without
reading any documentation
Although some additions in time formatting and locales
Use String.format to get the equivalent of C's sprintf

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Simple Example: printf vs. println
General idea
Each %s entry in formatting string is replaced by next argument in argument list. %n means newline.
Example
public static void printSomeStrings() {
String firstName = "John";
String lastName = "Doe";
int numPets = 7;
String petType = "chickens";
System.out.pfriirnsttfN(a"m%es, %lsa shtaNsa m%es, %nsu.m%Pne"t,s , petType);
System.out.println(firstName + " " + lastName +
" has " + numPets + " " +
petType + ".");
}
Result:
John Doe has 7 chickens.
John Doe has 7 chickens.

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Controlling Formatting
Different flags
%s for strings, %f for floating point numbers, %t for dates, etc.
Various extra entries can be inserted
To control width, number of digits, commas, justification, type of date format, and more
Complete details
printf uses mini-language; complete coverage would take an entire lecture
However, basic usage is straightforward
For complete coverage, see
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax
Most common errors
Using + instead of , between arguments (printf uses varargs)
Forgetting to add %n at the end if you want a newline (not automatic)

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Printf Formatting Options

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Printf Example: Controlling Width and
Precision
public static void printSomeSalaries() {
CEO[] softwareCEOs =
{ new CEO("Steve Jobs", 3.1234),
new CEO("Scott McNealy", 45.5678),
new CEO("Jeff Bezos", 567.982323),
new CEO("Larry Ellison", 6789.0),
new CEO("Bill Gates", 78901234567890.12)};
System.out.println("SALARIES:");
for(CEO ceo: softwareCEOs) {
System.out.printf("%15s: $%,8.2f%n",
ceo.getName(), ceo.getSalary());
}
}
SALARIES:
Steve Jobs: $ 3.12
Scott McNealy: $ 45.57
Jeff Bezos: $ 567.98
Larry Ellison: $6,789.00

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Printf Example: Controlling Width and
Precision
public class CEO {
private String name;
private double salary; // In billions
public CEO(String name, double salary) {
this.name = name;
this.salary = salary;
}
public String getName() { return(name); }
public double getSalary() { return(salary); }
}

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Performance Improvements
Goals
25% improvement in startup time over 1.4.0
Asynchronous I/O
Unsynchronized StringBuffer class
Non-blocking equivalents of SSLSocket and SSLServerSocket
Reduce memory footprint of JVM
Improve classloader speed
Add concurrency library to Java core

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Summary
For/Each loops are simple
Can't handle all situations, but very easy in the cases in which they do
apply
Scanner simplifies basic parsing
Easier than String.split and Integer.parseInt
Generics simplify code
Increase safety also. No performance hit.
Autoboxing is convenient
But can hide performance costs
Java finally has printf
No more clumsy println's with string concatenation
Varargs provides flexibility
For formatting, math, and other special-purposes methods

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