MOTION SYSTEM

GROUP 8
APRIYANI
FITHRI WAKHYUNI
KOIMAH
MUHAMMAD IMAM BADRUTTAMAM
Skeletal System
5 Functions of the Skeletal System
Muscle attached to bones!!
1. Movement: Skeletal system
provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.

2. Support: The backbone is the

main support center for the
upper body. It holds your head
up and protects your spinal
cord.
5 Functions of the Skeletal System
3. Protection: The bones
of your skull protect
your brain. Your ribs
protect your lungs and
heart from injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
5 Functions of the Skeletal System
5. Storage: Bones
store minerals, such
as calcium and
phosphorus, for use
by the body
Process Of Bone Formation
1. Bone formation in In Uterus
Bone in humans has grown since
the embryo, precisely when the age
of 6-7 weeks of the process of
conception in the mother's womb.
Bone growth is continuously held
until the complete composed at the
age of 3 months of pregnancy. In this
phase, the process of bone formation
is influenced by calcium and
placental hormones. Bone formed
was still very soft. However, he will
continue to grow and harden up the
delivery process arrives
Process Of Bone Formation
2. Bone Formation in Infants
Once born, the process of bone
formation in infants will be affected by
calcium, daily activities, as well as
influenced by growth hormone. Growth
hormone influential in this process are
osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Both these
hormones work in opposites. Osteoblasts
work by triggering the growth of bone,
while osteoclasts inhibits the process.
This mechanism is going to make the
process of bone formation were really
balanced. In this phase, the bones that
form is a bone-cartilage (cartilage) are
still very soft texture and color is
transparent.
Process Of Bone Formation
3. Bone formation in Adults
Bone formation process
From infancy until the age of 25 years, humans
will continue to harden the bone through the
process of ossification. Cartilage (cartilage) will
turn into hard bone (osteon) through a series of
the long process which can lead to bone can
function perfectly to sustain daily activities such
as sitting, standing, running and other
movements.
In the process of ossification, a cavity in the
cartilage (cartilage) will be filled osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts to form bone cells (osteocytes),
which then fills the blood vessels and nerve
fibers in a circle (Havers system). This matrix
will then produce lime and phosphorus and
makes the bones harden and continues to grow
Process Of Bone Formation
Based on the type of bone formed, the process of bone
formation (ossification) in this phase can be divided into
three, namely:
a. Endochondral ossification is the process of bone formation
of cartilage (cartilage), for example in the long bones.
b. Intramembranosus ossification is the process of bone
formation from mesenchymal cells, for example, on the flat
bones of the skull.
c. Heterotopic ossification is the process of bone formation
that occurs outside of the soft tissue.
Process Of Bone Formation
4. Decrease Bone
Function
After growth and bone
formation stalled and
stagnant at the age of 25,
human bones will
decrease function. Some
health problems many
approached bone. The
most frequent example is
osteoporosis
 Bone Structure

1.) The periosteum

In the first layer called the periosteum. periosteum is
thin outer membrane bone periosteum is the place
attachment of skeletal muscles (skeletal) bone and play a role in
provide nutrients, growth and repair broken bones

2.) Bone Compact (Compact Bone)

In the second layer called compact bone. This bone texture
smooth and very strong. Compact bone has little cavity and
more calcareous (Calcium and Calcium Phosfat
Carbonate) so that bones become dense and strong
Bone Structure

3.) of spongy bone (Spongy Bone)

In the third layer there called spongy bone. Bone
Spongiosa have many cavities. The cavity is filled by
marrow to produce red blood cells. Bone spongiosaconsists of a lattice of
thin trabecular bone called.

4.) Marrow Bone (Bone Marrow)

The last layer we find and deepest is Bone marrow. The bone marrow form
like a thick jelly. The bone marrow is protected by spongy bone as it has
been described section of spongy bone. The bone marrow plays important
in our body because it serves to produce blood cells present in the body.
Various forms of bone
1. Bone pipeline example: the upper arm bone, yulang feet,
bone lever, tibia, fibula, the bones of the palm, knuckles
bone legs and arms and collarbone.
2. Flat bones example: sternum, ribs, scapula, skull, pelvis,
pubic bone and bones sit.
3. Short bone eg wrist and ankle bones, the joints of the spine,
and bone kneecap.
4. Bone Shaped Tak (irregular Bone) example of the facial
skeleton (partsmandible) in addition to including irregular
bones
 flat bones

bone pipe

short bones
Constituent Network And Physical Properties
Of The Bone
a.) Cartilage
While still embryonic, the framework of
human and vertebrate animals mostly
cartilage (cartilage). In development,
cartilage will turn bone (bone hard).
Cartilage contains many substances
adhesives in the form of protein and
contains a little lime so is flexible. There are
three types of cartilage, namely:
Constituent Network And Physical Properties Of
The Bone
(1.) hyaline cartilage; is composed of
bone swamp of a uniform material.
Hyaline cartilage found in tracheal
wall, the end of the limb bones of
limbs,
ligament, and between the ribs and
sternum.
(2.) The cartilage elastic; is flexible
and there in the nose and earlobes.
(3.) The cartilage fibers; is strong, but
less flexible than other forms of
cartilage, are in between vertebrae
Constituent Network And Physical
Properties Of The Bone

b.) The bone hard

Hard bone or what we often refer to as bone
function prepare various systems
framework. Bone is composed of:
(1.) osteoblasts: bone tissue forming cells
(2.) osteocytes: bone cells mature
(3.) osteoclasts: Bone cells
Framework of the Human Body
Cranium Bones
Parietal Bone
Parietal Bone

Frontal Bone

Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Maxilla and Mandible

Maxilla

Mandible
Clavicle or Collarbone
The clavicle, or collar
bone, holds the
shoulder joint away
from the rest of the
upper body and is only
as thick as your little
finger
Scapula
The scapula is
located on the back
side of the ribcage
and helps provide
part of the shoulder
joint and movement
for the arms.
Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region
(neck bones)

2) The thorasic region

(what the ribs attach
to)

3) The lumbar region

(the lower part of the
back)
Coccyx and Sacrum
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
Radius and Ulna

Radius on Top

Ulna on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Pelvis (Dancing Bone)
Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Agenda and Objectives
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Homeostatic Imbalances of joints
Joint Classifications
http://www.infovisual.info/03/026_en.html

-Functional Classification

--Synarthroses
---Immovable

--Amphiarthroses
---Slightly movable

--Diarthroses
---Freely movable
Joint Classifications
-Structural Classification
--Fibrous
--Cartilaginous
--Synovial

http://www.zimbio.com/Types+of+Arthritis/a
rticles/303/JOINTS+Structural+Functional+
Classification
Fibrous Joints
-Dense fibrous connective
tissue
-No joint cavity

Sutures

http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutori
al/bonejt/rdts30.gif
Fibrous Joints
-Dense fibrous connective
tissue
-No joint cavity

Syndesmoses
--Ligament attachment only

http://eorif.com/AnkleFoot/ImagesAnkleFoo
t/syndesmosis-lat.jpg
Fibrous Joints
-Dense fibrous connective
tissue
-No joint cavity

Gomphoses
--Peg in socket

http://img.tfd.com/MosbyMD/t
humb/gomphosis.jpg
 Cartilaginous Joints
-Not very movable
-Lack a joint cavity
-Articulating bones united
by cartilage

Synchondroses
--Bar or plate of hyaline
cartilage
Cartilaginous Joints
-Not very movable
-Lack a joint cavity
-Articulating bones united by cartilage

Symphyses
--Articular surface has hyaline cartilage
--Fused to pad of fibrocarilage
Synovial Joints
-Fluid containing joint
cavity

--Articular cartilage

--Synovial cavity
--Synovial fluid

--Articular capsule

--Reinforcing ligaments

--Nerves and blood vessels

Bursae
-Flattened fibrous sacs
lined with synovial
membrane

--contains synovial fluid

--where ligaments,
muscles, skin, tendons, or
bones rub together

http://bhpain.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets
/images/bursa_tendon.138205047_std.jpg
Tendon Sheath
- Elongated bursae
surrounding a tendon

http://www.eorthopod.co
m/sites/default/files/imag
es/foot_posterior_tibial_t
endon_surgery01.jpg
Joint Movement
-Flexion
-Extension
-Rotation
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Circumduction
-Protraction
-Retraction
-Elevation
-Depression

chestofbooks.com/health/body/massage/Massage-...
Synovial Joint Movement
Skeletal muscle attached
to bone at two points

--Origin (immovable)

--Insertion (movable)

Body movement occurs

when muscles contract http://www.elite-
across joints view.com/art/Education/Anato
my/353-836~Biceps-Muscle-
Movement-Arm-Lifting-
I moves to O Posters.jpg
Synovial Joint Movement
Skeletal muscle attached
to bone at two points

--Origin (immovable)

--Insertion (movable)

Body movement occurs

when muscles contract
across joints
http://www.thedisabledlis
t.com/files/images/tricep
I moves to O s_0.jpg
Joint Movement
Angular movement

--Change angle between

two bones

---Abduction
Joint Movement
Angular movement

--Change angle between

two bones

---Adduction

http://www.medtrng.com/abductio
nadduction.gif
Joint Movement
Angular movement

--Change angle between

two bones

---Circumduction

http://content.answcdn.com/main/c
ontent/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/0
199210896.circumduction.1.jpg
Joint Movement
-Rotation
Joint Movement
Special movement

---Supination
---Pronation
Joint Movement
Special movement

---Dorsiflexion
---Plantar Flexion
Joint Movement
Special movement

---Inversion
---Eversion
Joint Movement
Special movement

---Protraction
---Retraction
Joint Movement
Special movement

---Elevation
---Depression
Joint Movement
Special movement

---Opposition
Joint Movement
Nonaxial
-- gliding motion only

Uniaxial
-- movement in one plane

Biaxial
-- movement in two
planes

Multiaxial
-- movement in three
planes
Joint Movement
Nonaxial Uniaxial

http://handsonhealingpt.com/media/img/10
76/shoulder_anatomy_bones03.jpg
Joint Movement
Biaxial
-- movement in two
planes

http://www.revolutionarytennis.com/Resour
ces/wristandhandterm.jpeg
Joint Movement
Multiaxial
-- movement in three
planes
-- ball and socket

https://courses.stu.qmul.ac.uk/smd/kb/gros
sanatomy/images/shoulder_mvts.jpg
SISTEM MUSCULAR
SISTEM MUSCULAR
includes TOOL-2
Body , By contraction
(shorter) and
Relaxation (back
original state) shall
create any body
movement in whole or
in part.
Muscule Function

voluntary function
is the result of work of the skeletal muscle
1. maintain posture : sitting, standing, sleeping
2. carry an assortment of movement
members of the body: the movement
Radius: hold
Diaphragm: Respiration
Pharynx: swallowing food
tongue and lips: moving food and vocalizations
involuntary functions (not influenced by the will), as a result of
the work of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
1. Propulsion (boost) the substance in various channels, for
example: food that runs along the digestive tract, blood
running through the veins, the egg cell that runs along the
oviduct (oviduct), which runs along the sperm seminal tract.
2. expulsion (spending) the substance stored in the bag
(vesica): bile, urine, feces.
3. regulation (regulation) hole diameter: adjust the size of the
pupils, the pyloric stomach, rectum
4. diameter channel: adjust the size of the blood vessels
(blood cells are very flexible so that blood cells can change
shape immediately upon blood cells that enter into the blood
vessels of different (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins);
Type of Muscle

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
striated muscle
Muscle fibers
A muscle cell is a
fiber.
Fibers are
multinucleated and
contain myoglobin.
(Similar to
hemoglobin what
is its function?)
Myofibrils contain
the contractile
fibers.
Myofibril
The myofibril is
composed of
thick and thin
filaments.
Each of these
filaments is made
up of strands of
protein.
How might this
arrangement of
proteins create
motion?
Thick and thin filaments
The thick
filaments,
made mostly
of myosin,
have small
heads that
move.
The thin
filaments have
points to which
the myosin
heads
Muscle fiber action
Characteristics of Muscle System

Kontrakstibilitas. The ability to shorten

Excitability. Muscle fibers will respond strongly when
stimulated by nerve impulses.
Extensibility. Muscle fibers have the ability to tighten
the muscles exceeds the length of time to relax.
Elasticity. Muscle fibers can be returned to its original
size after contracting or stretching.
Stimulus
Mechanical : pinched, hit, pull, menyubit, touching
Thermal : cold (ice aid), heat (hot water assistance)
Khemis : help of chemicals, both inorganic and organic
(to acids, bases, salts)
Electrical : with the aid of an electric atus (generally for
healing)
PERIOD OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
CONSISTS OF:
Latent Period (PL) administration period until the
occurrence of excitatory response
The period of contraction (PK) Period muscle
shortening or contraction
Period Relaxation (PR) Period muscle return to the
original condition after contracting
Theory of Muscle Contraction
Muscle Contrantion
At rest, troponin binds to actin, tropomyosin covers the
place where the head should myosin binds to actin

Menmbulkan stimulus impulse in motor neuron axon

release acetylcholine end potensial menyebar
action throughout the muscle fibers sarcoplasmic
reticulum Ca release ion ion charge k higher Ca
Ca ions bound by iktan troponin
troponin-actin regardless tropomiosin
bergeser mnjd actin binding site open

In kpla d aktfkan myosin ATP by the

enzyme ATP ase mjd ADP + energy
energy activates myosin to bind actin kpla
attraction between actin and myosin
muscle contraction
Muscle Relaxation

Ca ions are pumped into the sarcoplasmic

reticulum ATP ase myosin becomes
inactive Head myosin actin formed
regardless of troponin-tropomyosin
complex back-muscle actin relaksasi
CHANGES DURING MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
1. AMENDMENT FORM

2. CHANGES IN CHEMISTRY

3. CHANGES IN HEAT

4. CHANGES IN ELECTRICITY
AMENDMENT FORM
At the time of contraction, the muscles become shorter
and fatter, but no change in volume
There is change the shape of the protein
According to Szent-Gyorgy this change because the
presence of protein in the muscle aktomiosin
decomposes into actin and myosin, actin undergo
torsion (rotation)
CHANGES IN CHEMISTRY
At rest the muscle composition as follows:
Water 75% Protein 20% Glycogen 1% phosphocreatine
(an) 0.3% 0.5% lactic acid hexose phosphate (or) 0.05%

At the time of contraction: an & Phosphate lactic acid

increased in number; phosphate and glycogen or
declining; Oxygen is widely used; H2O and CO2 are
produced
For the above process is needed energy for muscle
contraction then there are four (4) types, namely:
1. ATP (adenosine triphosfat) ADP (adenosine
diphosfat) generated energy for contraction.

2. phosphocreatine + creatine phosphate acid

generated energy for ATP resintesis

3. Glycogen energy produced lactic acid to resintesis

phosphocreatine

4. 1/5 (one fifth) asamlaktat + O2 H2O + CO2

generated energy to transform 4/5 {four-fifths) LACTIC
ACID into glycogen
CHANGES IN HEAT
Of all energy used to contraction of only 20%, for work
and selebihyahilang in the form of heat.
The heat that arises can be used to maintain body
temperature, so that the cool temperatures heat
production can be improved through muscle movement
CHANGES IN ELECTRICITY
When muscles contract changes causing the electrical
current flowing action of the positive region to the
negative region
The active region is relatively more negative in
comparison with the non-active area (positive)
When we have a break then would not arise in the
current action
That term may be regarded as polarization,
depolarization and repolarization
 motion mechanism
Muscles work in pairs to generate
motion. Synergistic muscle is muscle
pairs that work mutually supporting.
As for the antagonist muscle is
muscle pairs that do the opposite
movement of the muscles that are
doing contraction.
Muscles can contract for their stimuli.
 If the muscles get stimulated, the
muscle acetylcholine would release
calcium ions that stimulate the
formation of her aktomiosin that
causes muscles to contract. If
there is no stimulus, calcium ions
will be reabsorbed.
As a result, the concentration of
calcium ions is reduced and the
bond between actin and myosin
apart. Thus, it will stretch and
muscle sarcomeres in a state of
relaxation.
.
 the relaxation phase
The relaxation phase is also called
faseaerob because the energy
produced from the p'emecahan
glycogen that took place in aerobic.
The process is broken down into
laktasidogen with glycogen converted
into glucose and lactic acid. Glucose
is oxidized to produce energy and
release the C02 and Fl20. The lactic
acid is a byproduct of the
decomposition laktasidogen. Lactic
acid accumulation in the muscle
excessively resulting in muscle
fatigue.
 Contraction phase
When muscles contract, the need of
energy and oxygen. Contraction
phase is also called the anaerobic
phase for energy derived from ATP
and creatine phosphate
decomposition that took place SMALL
anaerobically
Fractures
Break in the continuity of bone
Direct blow
Crushing force (compression)
Sudden twisting motions (torsion)
Severe muscle contraction
Disease (pathologic fracture)
 Osteoporosis

A disease in which loss of bone

exceeds rate of bone formation;
usually increase in older women, white
race, nulliparity.
Clinical Manifestations bone pain,
decrease movement.
Treatment Calcium, Vit. D, estrogen
replacement, Calcitonin, fluoride,
estrogen with progestin, SERM
(Selective Estrogen Receptor
Modulator) with anti-estrogens,
exercise.
Pathologic fracture-safety.
Scoliosis

Abnormal spinal curvature of

various degrees or severity
involving shortening of muscles
and ligaments.
Milwaukee brace (a back brace
used in the treatment of spinal
curvatures) , internal fixative
devices.
Changes in muscles and
ligaments on the concave
side of the spinal column
Congenital, neuromuscular,
or idiopathic in type
Assessment: complete
history, pain assessment,
observation of posture
Interventions: exercise,
weight reduction, bracing,
casting, surgery