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Requirements
Consumptive use:
It is the evapotranspiration plus the water used by plants
for metabolic activities which is hardly 1 % of ET
Growing season:
Length of growing season and the actual date of
sowing and maturing are important factors. The
growing season of a crop coinciding with the hotter part
of the year is expected to increase ET. Crops grown in
different seasons have different ET.
Crop characteristics:
Growth habit, canopy development, leaf area index,
plant density, duration and time of year when the
growth is made, are important consideration to study
the effect of crop characteristics on ET.
Factors affecting
Evapotranspiration
Soil characteristics:
Hydraulic conductivity and water holding capacity
of soil affect ET.
Cultural Factors:
Irrigation frequency, method of irrigation, depth of
irrigation, fertilizer application and mulching are the
important cultural factors affecting ET.
Crop Coefficient
Crop coefficient:
It is the ratio b/w the actual crop Evapotranspiration
to the reference crop evapotranspiration.
Kc = ETc / ETo
Base period:
It is the time between first watering of crops at the time of
its sowing and the last watering of crops before harvesting
Relationship between Duty,
Delta and Base period
Let there be a crop of base period B days.
Therefore,
Example: find the delta of a crop when its duty is 864 hectare/cumecs
with base period of 120 days.
Methods of estimating
Evapotranspiration
These methods are classified into three types:
Direct methods
Lysimeter method
Field experimentation method
Soil water depletion method
Inflow-outflow method
Empirical methods
Blaney criddle method
Penman method
Modified penman method
Radiation method
Penman Monteith equation
Direct Methods
Lysimeter method:
Used to measure ET and various components of water
balance
It is a container (usually 0.5m 2 m in diameter)
having an experimental soil separated from the
surrounding soil in the crop field
Lysimeter are installed in fields with a large guard
area having the same crop as in the lysimeter
Measurements of different components for water
balance studies such as water added to lysimeter
through precipitation and irrigation, change in soil
water storage and water lost through evaporation,
transpiration, runoff and deep percolation are made,
The relationship is:
ET ER IRn VSW
Direct Methods
Inflow-outflow method:
Used to estimate yearly consumptive use over
large area, also called as water balance method
CU P I VGW R
ktp
CU Cu KF kf
100
Empirical methods
Penman method
Developed the formula using important climatic
parameters such as solar radiation, temperature,
vapour pressure and wind velocity to compute the
evaporation from open free water surface
ET is obtained by multiplying with crop coefficient
Qn Ea
Eo
it is quite satisfactory for both humid and arid regions
under calm weather conditions
It drawback is that it uses many climatological
parameters that are difficult to obtain
Empirical methods
Radiation method:
ETo C (W .Rs )
n
Rs (0.25 0.50 ) RA
N
Penman-Monteith Equation
Where:
Rn is the net radiation,
G is the soil heat flux,
(es - ea) represents the vapour pressure deficit of the air,
a is the mean air density at constant pressure,
cp is the specific heat of the air,
represents the slope of the saturation vapour pressure
temperature relationship,
is the latent heat of vaporization and is psychrometric constant,
and
rs and ra are the (bulk) surface and aerodynamic resistances.
PET = mm/day
A = slope of ew vs temp in mm Hg/oC (Table)
Ea = parameter including wind vel. & saturation deficit
cons tan t 0.49mm _ of _ Hg / C
o
The soil heat flux, G, is the energy that is utilized in heating the
soil. it is positive when the soil is warming and negative when the
soil is cooling. The soil heat flux is small compared to Rn and may
often be ignored
Components of Global energy
balance