Standard 12: Stoichiometry

The quantitative study of chemical

reactions.
Lab: Water Rockets an
introduction to stoichiometry
Your challenge is to create a water
rocket from combining the correct
amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gases
just like the space shuttle!
You will need to set up two gas
generators one for hydrogen and one
for oxygen through chemical reactions.
Lab Water Rockets
Lab Water Rockets

Hydrogen
peroxide

catalys
t
Trial # Hydrogen Gas Oxygen gas Water Observations
remaining of launch
Lab: Water Rockets

Hydrogen Generator
zinc + hydrochloric acid hydrogen
+ zinc chloride

OxygenGenerator
Hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
Lab: Water Rockets
Conclusions
1. Write a balanced equation for each reaction
that took place.
2. Identify each type of reaction that occurred.
3. What is the purpose of the electric spark?
4. List three conditions that must be present in
order to have a successful launch.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/fuel-cells.html
Check In

1. From the water rocket lab, what ratio of

hydrogen to oxygen must be present in
order for the rocket to launch?
2. If a rocket required 50 bubbles of
hydrogen, how many bubbles of
oxygen would be needed (assuming
the bubbles are the same size)?
Interpreting Chemical Equations

There are four ways to interpret a

chemical equation
1. The number of atoms or molecules
2. The number of moles
3. The mass of reactants and products
4. The volume of gases
Interpreting chemical equations

1. Counting atoms or molecules the

coefficients indicate the number of
atoms or molecules in a balanced
equation.

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

2 molecules 1 molecule 2 molecules
Interpreting chemical equations

2. Counting the number of moles the

coefficients indicate the number of
moles of reactants and products from a
balanced equation.

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

2 moles 1 mole 2 moles
Interpreting chemical equations

3. Mass the mass of the reactants must

equal the mass of the products using
the GFM.

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

2 mol(2 g/mol) 1mol (32 g/mol) 2mol (18 g/mol)
4g 32 g 36 g
Interpreting chemical equations

4. Volume of Gases For every mole of

a gas, the volume is 22.4 L at STP.

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

2 (22.4 L) 1 (22.4 L) 2 (22.4 L)
44.8 L 22.4 L 44.8 L
Example

Interpret the following equation in terms

of number of atoms and molecules and
then in terms of number of moles.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
How much ammonia (NH3) can be made?

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Before and after the reaction.

What is the ratio of the amount of nitrogen to hydrogen in this

reaction?
Mole Mole Calculations

A balanced chemical equation can be

used like a recipe.
If you need to increase the amount of
products, you must increase the amount
of reactants, by the same ratio.
If you want to decrease the amount of
products, you must decrease the amount
of reactants , by the same ratio!
Mole Mole Problems

How many moles of water can be

produced from 5 moles of hydrogen
and an excess of oxygen?
1. Write a balanced equation:
__H2(g) + __O2(g) __H2O(g)
Mole - Mole Problems

2.Determine the number of moles of

each reactant and product.
__H2(g) + __O2(g) __H2O(g)
2 moles 1 mole 2 moles
Mole Mole Problems

3. Determine the known and

unknown quantities.
5 moles X
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
2 moles 1 mole 2 moles
Mole Mole Problems

4. Solve for X.
5 moles X
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
2 moles 1 mole 2 moles

5 moles = X
2 moles 2 moles

X = 5 moles
Quiz

1. Balance the following equation:

___C + ___H2 ___C2H6
2. Based on the balanced equation,
indicate how many moles there are of
each substance.
3. How many moles of C and H2 would be
needed to make 2 moles of C2H6?
Demo: Launch the Mole!

How many moles of calcium carbide are

needed to react with water to produce
2.0 moles of acetylene gas (C2H2)?

CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)

Demo: Launch the Mole!

How many grams of calcium carbide are

needed to react with water to produce
2.0 grams of acetylene gas (C2H2)?
1. Write a balanced equation.
2. Indicate # of moles of each substance.
3. Indicate known and unknown.

CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)

Demo: Launch the Mole!

Unknown #
Grams Known 1 mole moles GFM Unknown
GFM Known Known # 1 mole
moles

Fire in the mole! By Austin Lucas

Demo: Launch the Mole

Howmany grams of carbon dioxide are

produced from the combustion of 2.0
grams of acetylene gas (C2H2)?
Mass-Mass Problems #13

Howmany grams of acetylene are

produced from 5.00 g of calcium carbide?

CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)

Mass-Mole Problem #14

How many moles of CaC2 are needed to

react completely with 49.0 g water?

CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)

Mass-Mass Problem #42

5F2(g) + 2NH3(g) N2F4(g) + 6HF(g)

a. How many grams of F2 are required to

react with 66.6 g NH3?
Mass-Mass Problem #42

5F2(g) + 2NH3(g) N2F4(g) + 6HF(g)

b. How many grams of NH3 are required to

react with 4.65 g HF?
Mass-Mass Problem #42

5F2(g) + 2NH3(g) N2F4(g) + 6HF(g)

c. How many grams of N2F4 can be

produced from 225 g F2(g)?
Lab: Iron and the Mole

How many grams of copper will be

produced by the reaction of 2.2 g iron
with copper (II) sulfate?

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)

Lab: Iron and the Mole

How many grams of copper will be

produced by the reaction of 2.2 g iron
with copper (II) sulfate?
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
Lab: Iron and the Mole
1. Weigh out 2.2 g (0.04 moles) of iron.
2. Heat 50 ml of water in a beaker.
3. Remove from heat.
4. Add copper sulfate to the beaker and
stir to dissolve.
5. Then add iron. Make observations.
6. Let the reaction finish then decant the
liquid, rinse with distilled water and put
copper in tray.
7. Dry copper on Pyrex watch glass &
place in oven until water is gone, then
weigh the copper.
Analysis

1. Compare the amount of copper you

produced to the amount you predicted.
What do you observe?
2. Determine your percent yield:
actual mass of copper made x 100
calculated amount of copper
Conclusions

1. What type of chemical reaction occurred?

2. In a perfect chemistry experiment your
percent yield should be 100%. What was your
percent yield? Explain any errors that may
have caused it to be more or less than 100%.
3. The predicted mass is referred to as the
theoretical yield while the lab results are
called the actual yield. Explain these terms In
your own words.
 Limiting Reagents
1. Think of all the chemical reactions we have done.
Make a list of five of them and determine which is
the limiting and excess reagents.
2. Think about the reaction to make water:
2H2 + O2 2 H2O If you have 10
moles of hydrogen and 10 moles oxygen, what is
the limiting and excess reagents?
3. Think about the reaction to make water, what if
you have 50 g of hydrogen and 50 grams of
oxygen?
Limiting Reagent of Smores

Learning Target: I can calculate the

limiting reagent and predict the
theoretical and actual yield of a chemical
reaction.
Purpose: To determine the limiting
reagent for making the maximum
number of Smores, given a certain
amount of materials.
Limiting Reagent of Smores
Recipe:

1 graham cracker (break into 2 pieces)

chocolate bar
1 marshmallow
Limiting Reagent of Smores
In your groups bag, there are 5 graham
crackers, 6 marshmallows, and one
chocolate bar. Calculate the number of
Smores you can make, and what will be
left over.
Using a skewer, heat a marshmallow to
desired temperature, then place
between two graham halves topping
your of a chocolate bar on top or
bottom of marshmallow.
Limiting Reagent of Smores

1. List how many of each ingredient you

are given.
2. Determine the maximum number of
smores that can be made with the
provided materials.
3. What is the limiting reagent
(ingredient)?
4. What are the excess reagents?
What gas is given off by the MRE? How do
you know?
Lab: Endothermic or Exothermic?

1. Ba(OH)2 + NH4NO3

2. Al + CuCl2
Conclusions

1. Identify the type of reaction that took

place in each reaction.
2. Determine the products and write a
balanced equation.
3. Identify which reaction is endothermic
and exothermic.
4. Draw an energy diagram to represent
the reaction
Endothermic Reaction
Exothermic Reaction
Lab: Flying Film Canisters

Your challenge is to find the ratio of alka

seltzer to water to produce enough CO 2
to launch a film canister across the
room.
You may change the amount of water
and the amount of alka seltzer but you
only get 6 tablets total!
You get three trials!
Lab: Flying Film Canisters

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Water

Alka seltzer

Distance
Lab: Flying Film Canisters

Conclusions
1. What ratio of alka seltzer to water gave
the best results?
2. If you completed a 4th trial, what ratio
would you use? Why?
3. What was the limiting reagent in each
trial?