IT-150

Mechanical Systems

Part I:
Mechanical Force and Energy
 More Standard Operating Procedures . . .

Course divided into four sections:

Mechanical
ThermoMechanical
FluidoMechanical
ElectroMechanical
 More Standard Operating Procedures . . .

Each section divided into five parts:

- Brief, significant history

- Physical properties/characteristics
- Common devices (nomenclature)
- Common assemblies (how things work)
- Exam
 A Brief History
of
Mechanical Invention
 Throughout history, the

Wealth of Nations

has owed (mainly) to energy

resources and an ability to
harness them . . .
A Brief History of Mechanical Invention

Before 1650, most machines were . . .

Mechanical
Created by Mechanics (Technology-Based)

Since 1850, most machines have been (are) . . .

Electromechanical
Thermomechanical
Fluidomechanical
None of the Above (Communications)
Created by Engineers (Science-Based)
A Brief History of Mechanical Invention

The development of the Steam Engine (1650-1750) . .

.
Inventors/innovators: Savery, Newcomen, Watt
Spawned the Industrial Revolution (1750-1880)
Allowed factories to be located anywhere
Displaced populations
Allowed man to conquer space
A Brief History of Mechanical Invention

The development of the Internal Combustion Engine

(1858) . . .
Conceived 100 years earlier
Patented by Etienne Lenoir
Allowed the development of small-scale
factories
Led to the invention of automobiles
A Brief History of Mechanical Invention

Before 1650, most machines were powered by . . .

Manpower
Draft Animals
Water
Wind
Since 1850, most machines have been (are)
powered by . . .
Fossil Fuels (85%):
Electricity (Heat)
Chemical Conversion (Heat)
Other (15%)
A Brief History of Mechanical Invention

The Output of Most Machines is

Mechanical
- Linear (Translational)
- Rotary (Torque)
At the most fundamental level, mechanical
machines multiply force or speed and use
- Levers (Wheel & Axle, Gears, Pulleys)
- Inclined Planes (Wedge, Screw)
A Brief History of Mechanical Invention

Questions to Ponder . . .
What is science?
What is technology?
In the ascent of man, what part has science
played?
What part has technology played?
Is there such a thing as Invention? If, yes, give at
least one example
Are there stepping-stones connecting the first
stone tool to the John Deere Engine Plant, space
exploration or a modern cruise ship?
A Brief History of Mechanical Invention

Questions to Ponder . . .
In 1900, where did most people live? What did they
do?

In 1950, where did most people work?

In 2000, what percent of the workforce was employed

in manufacturing-related enterprises?

What do people employed in manufacturing-related

enterprises do? What do they need to know?
 IT-150
Mechanical Systems

Part I:
Mechanical Force & Energy
Part I: Mechanical Force and Energy

This Presentation is about . . .

- Energy:
- Types
- Forms
- Sources
- Conservation
- Control
- Measuring Energy and Power:
- Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Machines:
Break
Activity: Video: Gasoline (43 min)
Part I: Mechanical Force and Energy
Why an IT Graduate should know this . . .

- Industrial Technology (IT). . .

. . . is the major of the Renaissance person. . .
It equips the student with a foundational amalgam
of the tools, materials, and processes common to
business, management, and engineering.
The stuff of this class is highly significant to
the preparation of the IT student . . .
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction

. . . Six Principal Energy Classifications . . .

Introduction

Four Forms of Most

Machines:
Mechanical
Thermal
Fluid
Electrical

All math related to these mediums use same

formulas
Only the units change
Most Machines are Transducers
Output of most machines is mechanical
Introduction

. . . Force and Movement . . .

Mechanical machines work with parts that move

Parts may include any of the six simple machines
Parts may take form as gears, belts, wheels,
cams, cranks, springs, or . . . .
Machines may be enormous or miniscule
Machine speed may be enormously fast or
(almost) infinitely slow
Introduction

. . . The Worlds Largest Machine . . .

The North American Electrical Distribution Grid
Introduction

.
Introduction

.
Introduction

. . . Force and Movement . . .

Mechanical Machines Deal with Force, Movement

and Speed. . .
Design Objectives:
Desired Amount of Force
Applied in Desired Position
Movement in Desired Direction
Movement at Desired Speed
Energy
Energy Types
Types
Energy Types

. . . Ultimately, the Source of all Energy on Earth is . . .

- Our Sun . . .
- Gravity . . .
- Geothermal . . .
- Nuclear . . .
- Fission
- Fusion (?)
Energy Types

. . . Six (6) Principal Energy Classifications . . .

. . . Any Energy Form can be converted into any other . . .

Energy Types

. . . Any Energy Form can be converted into any other . .

.
Energy Types

. . . Any Energy Form can be converted into any other . .

.
Energy Types

. . . Mechanical Energy is simply the energy of motion . .

.
Energy Types

. . . Electrical Energy . . .
Energy present in any electrical or
electromagnetic field
Energy Types

. . . Important Electrical Power Sources. . .

Electrochemical . . .
Electromagnetism . . .

AC Generator Action (2).url

Energy Types

. . . Chemical Energy . . .
A special kind of
potential energy
Energy Types

. . . Heat (Thermal) Energy . . .

Energy transferred by
a difference in
temperature
Energy Types

. . . Nuclear Energy . . .
Energy created or
consumed by modifying
an atomic nucleus: Fission
Energy Types

. . . Solar (Light) Energy . . .

Radiant energy as the result of nuclear fusion
 Energy
Energy Types
Types

84.9 % of all energy consumed in

the U.S. comes from fossil fuel . . .
.
Energy
Energy Forms
Forms
Energy Forms

. . . Energy is Either . . .
- Potential:
- Position in space
- Stored
- acceleration
- chemical
- or
- Kinetic:
- Linear (translational)
- Rotational (torque)
Energy Forms

. . . Potential and Kinetic Energy . . .

Energy Forms

. . . Potential Energy . . .
Energy
Energy Sources
Sources vsvs
Availability
Availability
Energy Sources

. . . Energy Sources are . . .

- Exhaustible
- Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
- Nuclear
- Renewable
- Natural Fiber
- Methanol
- Inexhaustible
- Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Solar, Wind,
Tidal, Ocean Thermal, Hydrogen
Conservation
Conservation of
of Energy
Energy
Conservation of Energy

... Energy can be neither created nor destroyed . . .

. . . The amount of energy in the cosmos is constant . . .

 Measuring
Measuring
Energy
Energy and
and Power
Power
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Terminology & Units . . .

Energy
- An ability to do work
Work
- Force x Distance
Power
- Force x Distance x Time
Efficiency
- Power Out / Power In
Force
- Any push or pull on an object
Linear (Translational)
- Force applied in a straight line
Rotary (Torque)
- Force applied at equal distance about a
radius
Reciprocating
Pressure
- Force per unit area
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Energy: An ability to do work . . .

Six Principal Classifications . . .
Mechanical
Electrical
Chemical
Thermal (Heat)
Radiant (Light)
Nuclear
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Force: Any push or pull on an object . . .

Translational (Linear)
- Force applied in a straight line
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Force: Any push or pull on an object . . .

Rotary (Torque): Force applied at equal distance

about a radius
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Force: Any push or pull on an object . . .

Reciprocating: Translational
Force that repeatedly gathers
velocity, reduces velocity,
stops, changes direction 180,
gathers velocity, reduces
velocity, stops, changes
direction 180 . . .

Graph of motion vs time

creates a sine wave
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Work: Force x Distance . . .

 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Force vs Weight . . .
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Power: (Force x Distance) / Time

 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Horsepower . . .

One horsepower = (lbs x distance) / (seconds x 550)

 Measuring Energy and Power
. . . Horsepower . . .
35-80 Thousand Horsepower
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Horsepower . . .

105,000 Horsepower
 Measuring Energy and Power
. . . Horsepower . . .

37 Million Horsepower
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Efficiency: Power Out / Power In . . .

Important Forces Impacting
on
Mechanical Systems
Gravity
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
Gravity . . .
Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems

Some Important Gravity

Machines
Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems

Other Important
Gravity Machines
Precession
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
Precession is the Force created by a Spinning Wheel . .
.
Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems

Gyroscopes use precession . . .

Commercial Airplanes use a gyroscope in 10 or
more of its navigational devices . . .
Cruise Ships use gyroscopes to control stabilizers
Inertia
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Inertia is . . .

Resistance to a
change in speed

Amount of inertia
depends on mass

Amount of inertia
depends on
distribution of mass

Everything has
inertia
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . A few Inertia Machines . . .
 Centrifugal Force
and
Angular Momentum
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Centrifugal Force vs Angular Momentum . . .

Angular Momentum is at right angles to the spin

radius
The faster the rotation, the greater the angular
momentum

Centrifugal Force is away from rotating center

The faster the rotation, the greater the
centrifugal force
Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Mechanical Systems that use Angular
Momentum . . .
Compression, Tension, Shear
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Compression . . .
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Tension . . .
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Shear (Simple) . . .
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Shear (Torsional) . . .
Friction
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems

Friction is . . .
. . . Resistance to the relative motion of two bodies
. . . Under magnification, even the smoothest
surfaces look like a lava field . . .

. . . Most machines wish to eliminate Friction . . .

 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems

. . . Some Machines use Friction . . .

 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems

. . . Other Machines that use Friction . . .

Mechanical Systems II
... For the Exam . . .

Four Forms of Machines (vs.Energy)

Machines as Transducers
Mechanical Machine Design Objectives
Conservation of Energy (and Mass)
Energy Sources
Six Principal Energy Types: Definitions
Energy Consumption Numbers
Energy Forms (Physics)
Translational vs Torsional Work
Measuring Energy and Power
Important Forces Impacting Mechanical Systems
Break
Video: Gasoline
End
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Pressure: Force per unit area . . .

 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Thermal (Heat): Energy required to raise

temperature
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Thermal (Heat): Energy required to raise

temperature
 Measuring Energy and Power

. . . Thermal (Heat): Energy required to raise

temperature

1
C. Calorie C.
1 CC 1 CC
 Measuring Energy and Power
. . . Thermal (Heat) Resistance (R Factor) vs
Conductivity. . .

. . . The ability of a material to absorb and hold

(but not to conduct) heat energy . . .
It is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity . . .
R-1 = (1 x F x 1 hour x 1 ft2) / 1 BTU
. . . In San Luis Obispo, A single-pane, south-facing
window has an R value of 1
. . . An 8 concrete block wall has an R value of 2
. . . An insulated 4 stud wall has an R value of 14
 Important Forces Impacting on Mechanical Systems
. . . Inertia at Work . . .