Biology Ch. 9

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Section 1: Cellular Growth

Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation
Click on a lesson name to select.

9.1 Cellular Growth
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

9.1 Cellular Growth
As the cell grows, its volume increases

much more rapidly than the surface area.
The cell might have difficulty supplying
nutrients and expelling enough waste
products.
9.1 Cellular Growth
Transport of Substances
Substances move by diffusion or by
motor proteins.
Diffusion over large distances is slow
and inefficient.
Small cells maintain more efficient
transport systems.
9.1 Cellular Growth
Cellular Communications
The need for signaling proteins to move
throughout the cell also limits cell size.
Cell size affects the ability of the cell
to communicate instructions for
cellular functions.
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Cell Cycle

Cell division prevents the cell from becoming
too large.
It also is the way the cell reproduces so that
you grow and heal certain injuries.
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and
dividing called the cell cycle.
9.1 Cellular Growth
Interphase is the stage during which the

cell grows, carries out cellular functions,
and replicates.
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during
which the cells nucleus and nuclear
material divide.
Cytokinesis is the method by which a cells
cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Stages of Interphase

The first stage of interphase, G 1
The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell
functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Second Stage of Interphase, S

The cell copies its DNA in preparation for
cell division.
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Third Stage of Interphase, G 2

The cell prepares for the division of its
nucleus.
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The Stages of Mitosis

Prophase
The cells chromatin tightens.
Sister chromatids are attached at
the centromere.
Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.
The nuclear
envelope seems
to disappear.
Spindle fibers
attach to the sister
chromatids.
Metaphase
Sister chromatids
are pulled along the
spindle apparatus
toward the center of
the cell.
They line up in the
middle of the cell.
Anaphase
The microtubules of the spindle apparatus
begin to shorten.
The sister chromatids separate.
The chromosomes move toward the poles
of the cell.
Telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and
begin to relax.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form
and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.
Cytokinesis
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or
pinch, the cytoplasm.
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell
plate, forms.
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Normal Cell Cycle

Different cyclin/CDK
combinations signal
other activities,
including DNA
replication, protein
synthesis, and nuclear
division throughout the
cell cycle.
Quality Control Checkpoints

The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that
monitor the cycle and can stop it if
something goes wrong.
Spindle checkpoints also have been identified
in mitosis.
Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer

Cancer is the
uncontrolled growth
and division of cells.
Cancer cells can kill
an organism by
crowding out normal
cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.
Causes of Cancer
The changes that occur in the regulation of
cell growth and division of cancer cells are
due to mutations.
Various environmental factors can affect the
occurrence of cancer cells.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink
and shrivel in a controlled process.
Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells
that can develop into
specialized cells
when under the right
conditions
Embryonic Stem Cells

After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells
divides repeatedly until there are about
100150 cells. These cells have not become
specialized.
Adult Stem Cells

Found in various tissues in the body and
might be used to maintain and repair the
same kind of tissue
Less controversial because the adult stem
cells can be obtained with the consent of
their donor
Cellular Reprodu
ction
Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
Animation
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is the first phase of mitosis?

A. interphase
B. prophase
C. metaphase
D. telophase 1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
During what phase do the sister chromatids

line up in the middle of the cell?
A. interphase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase 1. A
2. B
D. telophase 3. C
4. D
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?

A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. apoptosis
D. mitosis 1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
9.1 Formative
Questions
Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and

expel waste products?
A. larger cells
B. smaller cells
C. cells with lower surface 1. A
area to volume ratio 2. B
3. C
D. cells shaped like a cube 4. D
9.1 Formative
Questions
At what stage does a cell spend most of

its life?
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis 1. A
2. B
D. synthesis 3. C
4. D
9.1 Formative
Questions
What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?

A. The cell grows and carries
out normal functions.

B. The cell copies its DNA
and forms chromosomes. 1. A
2. B
C. The cells nucleus and 3. C
nuclear material divide. 4. D
D. The cells cytoplasm

divides.
9.2 Formative
Questions
In what stage of the cell cycle does the

cells replicated genetic material separate?
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis 1. A
2. B
D. prophase 3. C
4. D
9.2 Formative
Questions
Which diagram shows anaphase?

A. B.
1. A
C. D. 2. B
3. C
4. D
9.2 Formative
Questions
At the end of mitosis

the nuclear material is
divided and two new
cells have formed.
A. true
B. false 1. A
2. B
9.3 Formative
Questions
What are the key and ignition that start the

various activities in the cell cycle?
A. chromatin and
chromosomes
B. cyclin and CDKs
1. A
C. microtubules and 2. B
3. C
spindle fibers 4. D
D. protein and ribosomes

9.3 Formative
Questions
Which of these cancer-causing substances or

agents is impossible to avoid completely?
A. chemicals such as asbestos
B. food and drinks that
the FDA warns may
contain carcinogens 1. A
C. tobacco and 2.
3.
B
C
second-hand smoke 4. D
D. ultraviolet radiation from

the Sun
9.3 Formative
Questions
What is the term for the programmed death

of cells that are damaged beyond repair or
have harmful changes in their DNA?
A. apoptosis
B. carcinogens
1. A
C. cytokinesis 2. B
3. C
D. mitosis 4. D
9.3 Formative
Questions
Which cells are not locked into becoming

one particular kind of cell and are capable
of developing into specialized tissues?
A. apoptotic cells
B. cancer cells
1. A
C. prokaryotic cells 2. B
3. C
D. stem cells 4. D
Chapter Assessment
Questions
This cell has completed

what stage of mitosis?
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase 1. A
2. B
D. telophase 3. C
4. D
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What term is used to describe programmed

cell death?
A. apoptosis
B. anaphase
C. necrosis 1. A
2. B
D. cyclins 3. C
4. D
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the role of cyclins in a cell?

A. to control the movement
of microtubules
B. to signal for the cell
to divide
C. to stimulate the 1. A
breakdown of the 2. B
3. C
nuclear membrane 4. D
D. to cause the nucleolus
to disappear
Standardized Test
Practice
Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area

to volume?
C
B
A
1. A
2. B
3. C
Standardized Test
Practice
At what stage of interphase

does the cell take inventory
and make sure it is ready for
the division of its nucleus?
A. G1
B. S 1. A
2. B
C. G2 3. C
4. D
D. M
Standardized Test
Practice
Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells

during the cell cycle?
A. formation of a cell plate
B. formation of microtubules
C. formation of a cleavage
furrow at the equator of 1. A
the cell 2. B
3. C
D. movement of 4. D
chromosomes to the
poles of the cell
Standardized Test
Practice
Multiple changes in DNA

are required to change
an abnormal cell into a
cancer cell.
A. true
B. false 1. A
2. B
Standardized Test
Practice
Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?

A. a failure in the control
mechanisms that regulate
the cell cycle
B. a failure in the repair
systems that fix changes
or damage to DNA
C. a failure of the spindle 1. A
fibers to move chromosomes 2. B
3. C
4. D
during mitosis
D. mutations or changes in
segments of DNA that
control protein production
Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Image Bank
Vocabulary
Section 1
cell cycle
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
chromosome
chromatin
Vocabulary
Section 2
prophase
sister chromatid
centromere
spindle apparatus
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Vocabulary
Section 3
cyclin
cyclin-dependent kinase
cancer
carcinogen
apoptosis
stem cell
Animation
Visualizing the Cell Cycle


Biology Ch. 9

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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Section 1: Cellular Growth

Click on a lesson name to select.

9.1 Cellular Growth

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

9.1 Cellular Growth

As the cell grows, its volume increases

9.1 Cellular Growth

9.1 Cellular Growth

9.1 Cellular Growth

The Cell Cycle

9.1 Cellular Growth

Interphase is the stage during which the

9.1 Cellular Growth

The Stages of Interphase

9.1 Cellular Growth

The Second Stage of Interphase, S

9.1 Cellular Growth

The Third Stage of Interphase, G 2

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

The Stages of Mitosis

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Normal Cell Cycle

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Quality Control Checkpoints

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Embryonic Stem Cells

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Adult Stem Cells

Chapter Resource Menu

Which is the first phase of mitosis?

During what phase do the sister chromatids

Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?

Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and

At what stage does a cell spend most of

What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?

out normal functions.

D. The cells cytoplasm

In what stage of the cell cycle does the

Which diagram shows anaphase?

At the end of mitosis

What are the key and ignition that start the

D. protein and ribosomes

Which of these cancer-causing substances or

D. ultraviolet radiation from

What is the term for the programmed death

Which cells are not locked into becoming

This cell has completed

What term is used to describe programmed

What is the role of cyclins in a cell?

Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area

At what stage of interphase

Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells

Multiple changes in DNA