A reaction is fast , the time taken for the reaction is short .

A reaction is slow, the time taken for the reaction is long .

The rate of reaction depends to the speed of reaction .

If a reaction is fast, its rate of reaction is high .

If a reaction is slow, its rate of reaction is low .

The rate of reaction is inversely proportional (berkadar songsang )
with time .

Rate 1
time taken for reaction

Rate of reaction = change in quantity of product / reactant

time taken

For gas product , rate of reaction = volume of gas

time
From a graph , the average rate of reaction = the gradient
( kecerunan) of graph
 Determine the rate of reaction
(a) Average rate of reaction
(b) Rate of reaction at a given time ( pada masa tertentu )

Example (a) :

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H 2O + CO2

If 20 cm3 of carbon dioxide, CO2 is released in 10 seconds for the above
reaction, therefore, the average rate of reaction can be calculate as :
Average rate of reaction = total volume of gas released = 20 cm3 = 2cm3 s-
total time taken 10s

Average rate of reaction = change in amount of reactant or product

time taken
Example :

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2 O + CO2

reactant Product
Example (b) :

The graph below shows the volume of carbon dioxide ,CO2

released against time for the reaction between calcium carbonate ,
CaCO3 and dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl . Determine the rate of
reaction at the 20th second.

Rate of reaction at the 20th second = p

Volume of q
gas / cm3
= ( 60 - 30 ) cm3
( 40 - 0 ) s
60
= 0.75 cm3 s-
50
p P = 60 - 30
40
30
q
20
Q = 40 - 0
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time / s
 The rate of reaction decreases with time bacause :-
the concentration of a solution is decreasing as time .
Mass of reactant is decreasing as time .

The steeper (semakin curam) the gradient of the graph ,the

higher the rate of reaction .

Volume of gas

The gradient of the graph is

zero. The rate of reaction at
time t3 is zero (the reaction has
stopped ).

t3 Time
 Volume of
Example 1 Maximum volume
gas / cm3
of gas

The graph shows the change in volume

360
of gas with time for the reaction between
excess magnesium and 25 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid .

Mg + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H2 50 Time /s

Determine the
(a) Average rate of reaction at 50 seconds.
(b)Rate of reaction at 55 seconds .
(c) Maximum number of moles of gas released .
(d)Concentration of hydrochloric acid .
(e) Mass of magnesium that reacted .
( Relative atomic mass ; Mg = 24 . Molar volume : 24 dm3 mol-1
at room condition . )
 Solution
(a) Average rate of reaction in 50 seconds = 360 = 7.2 cm3 s-1
50

(b) Rate of reaction at 55 seconds = 0 cm3 s-1 (zero )

From the graph, the maximum volume of gas released is 360 cm3 .
The maximum number of moles of volumes of gas released = volume of gas = 360
molar volume 24000
= 0.015 mol
(d) Mg + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H2
V = 25 cm3 ,
M= ?
1 mol of H2 gas produced by 2 mol of HCl
0.015 mol of H produced by 0.015 X 2 mol of HCl = 0.03 mol of HCl
The number of moles of HCl = MV / 1000
M = 0.03 X 1000 = 1.2 mol dm-3
25
 (e) Mg + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H2
Mass =?

1 mol of H2 produced by 1 mol of Mg

0.015 mol of H2 produced by 0.015 mol of Mg
The number of moles of Mg = mass / RAM
0.015 = mass
24
Mass of Mg = 0.015 X 24 = 0.36 g

2. 6.5 g of zinc powder was mixed with dilute nitric acid , HNO 3 in excess. It
was found that it took 50 seconds for all the gas produced to be collected .
Calculate the average rate of reaction in cm3 s-1 .
( Relative atomic mass : Zn ,65 : Molar volume : 24 dm3 mol-1 at room
condition )
Ans : 48
cm3 s-1
 The smaller the size of particles ,the larger the total surface
area , the rate of reaction will be higher .

Large total
surface area
Small
total
surface
area

The higher the concentration of a reactant ,it have more particles per unit
volume . The rate of reaction will be higher.
A shorter time is required to complete the reaction .
The higher the temperature of the reaction, the particles obtain
more kinetic energy . Therefore ,the rate of reaction will be higher .

A catalyst will change the rate of reaction .

A catalyst only changes the rate of reaction but not the quantity of products.
A catalyst does not undergo any chemical change at the end of the reaction .

Pressure can affect the rate of reaction only if it involves gases.

A higher pressure can increase the rate of reaction .
The increase of pressure will compress the gas.
The particles of a gas will collide more frequently when in a compressed
state (smaller volume).
 To study the effect of the size of reactant on the rate of reaction.

Volume Marble
of gas powder
Maximumvolume
Maximum volumeof ofgas
gasin
inboth
both
experimentsat
experiments atthe
theend
endofofthe
the
marble reactionisisthe
reaction thesame
samebecause
because
pieces thevolume
the volume, ,concentration
concentrationand and
themass
the massof ofmarble
marble used
usedin in
bothexperiments
both experimentsare arethe same. .
thesame

From graph :- Time

The rate of reaction between the small marble chips and dilute
hydrochloric acid is higher compared to the rate of reaction
between the large marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The smaller the size of the reactant, the higher the rate of reaction .
A smaller reactant size has a larger total exposed surface area.

The rate of reaction for both experiments decreases with time because :-
the mass of marble becomes decreases
the size of marble chips becomes decreases
the concentration of hydrochloric acid becomes decrease .
 The effect of
Ionic equation : S2 O32- + 2H+1 H2 O + SO2 + S
From graph (a):
It takes a longer time to form the sulphur precipitate if the concentration of
sodium thiosulphate is low .
It takes a shorter time to form the sulphur precipitate when the concentration
of sodium thiosulphate is high .

From graph (b),

the rate of reaction is high when the concentration of sodium thiosulphate is high .
the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is directly proportional to 1/time
or rate of reaction .
 Effect of temperature
From a graph (a):-
A shorter time is needed for sulphur to precipitate at a higher temperature.
A longer time is needed for sulphur to precipitate at a lower temperature .
From a graph (b) :
The rate of reaction will increase when the temperature of the reactant
increases .

The rate of reaction doubles each time the temperature increases by 100C .
 Effect of

Maximumvolume
Maximum volumeof ofgas
gasin
inboth
both
experimentsat
experiments atthe
theend
endof
ofthe
the
reactionisisthe
reaction thesame
samebecause
because
thevolume
the volume andandconcentration
concentration
ofhydrogen
of hydrogenperoxide
peroxidesolution
solution
usedin
used inboth
bothexperiments
experimentsare arethe
the
same.
same.

Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 , decomposes at a faster rate of reaction after the

presence of the catalyst ,manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2 to release oxygen O2 gas.
2H2O2 2H 2 O + O2

The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be increased by

increasing the amount of catalyst .
The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide decreases with time
because the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is decrease when the
time increases .
 Collision theory states that before any chemical reactions can
occur, particles of the reactants have to collide with each other .

Effective collision ---- collision that produces chemical reactions

by achieving the minimum energy and correct collision orientation .

Activation energy is the minimum energy needed by the reactant

particles to react .

Colliding particles must have equal or be more than the activation

energy ( tenaga pengaktifan ) .

I
H
H I I
H
H
I H I H I

Correct collision orientation Effective collision Reaction happens

 Release of heat
Activation
Energy energy

Energy
Energyreleased
releasedto toits
its
surroundings
surroundingscauses
causesthe the
total
totalenergy
energyofofthe
the
products
products formed tobe
formed to be
Ea
lower
lowerthan
thanthethetotal
totalenergy
energy
of
ofits
itsreactants.
reactants.

reactants

Products
 Absorption of heat

Activation Energy
Energyisisabsorbed
absorbedfrom from
energy its
itssurroundings
surroundingscauses
causes
the
thetotal
totalenergy
energyof ofthe
the
products
productsformed
formedto tobe
be
ENERGY higher
higherthan
thanthethetotal
total
energy
energyofofits
itsreactants
reactants

Ea
PRODUCTS

REACTANTS
 The
Therate
rateof
ofreaction
reactiondepends
dependson
on::

(i) Collision frequency (the number of collision in one second).

If the number or frequency of collisions is high, the number of

collisions that occur is high .
The frequency of effective collisions also increase, therefore
the rate of reaction becomes higher .

(ii) Magnitude of activation energy .

Activation energy increases , the number of collisions for a

reactant particles can achieved high activation energy.
The number of effective collisions is small.
The rate of reaction will decrease .
 The rate of reaction increases when the size of the particles is smaller .
The total surface area that is exposed to collision between particles are
larger .
The collision frequency will increase.
Caused the effective collision frequency will increase .
The rate of reaction also increases.
Less
collision
between
particles

More
collision
between
particles
 The rate of reaction increases if the concentration of a reactant is
increase.
A higher concentration of the solution increases, the number of particles
per unit volume also increases.
Can caused the frequency of collisions increase .
Thus, the frequency of effective collisions will increase.
Therefore , the rate of reaction increases .

Particles

Less collision More collision

between between
particles particles
 When the temperature of the reactant is increased, the rate of reaction
increase too .
because the kinetic energy of particles increase.
The particles of the reactant move faster .
The number of particles which achieved activation energy also increases.
The frequency of collisions between particles also increases .
The effective collision frequency between the particles increases .
The rate of reaction will increase too .
 Fe

Can increase the rate of reaction by lowering activation energy of a reaction .

Provides an alternative pathway ( lintasan alternatif ) that requires a lower
activation energy .
More particles will have effective collision that has a lower activation energy .
The frequency of effective collisions increase .
The rate of reactionj will increase too.
Platinum( Pt )
Energy

V2 O5 MnO2
Ea

Eb Ea : Activation energy without catalyst

Eb : Activation energy with catalyst .
Alternative pathway
 Influences the rate reactions involving gas reactants / product.
pressure increases when the volume of the gases is reduced .
collision frequency between particles increases which caused the
frequency of effective collisions increases too .
more particles have activation energy .
thus , the rate of reaction increases.

APPLICATION

Keeping food in the refrigerator

Burning of fuels
Cooking food with pressure cookers
Cooking food with small pieces will get cooked faster .
Use of catalyst in industry .
vanadium(v)
vanadium(v)oksidaoksida--catalyst
catalyst
The
Theraw
rawmaterials
materials--- ---sulphur
sulphur andandair
air
Sulphur
Sulphur is burnt in air , sulfur dioksidaterhasil
is burnt in air , sulfur dioksida terhasil
SS ++ 002 S0
S022
2
Sulfur
Sulfurisisoxidised
oxidised toto sulfur
sulfurdioxide
dioxide

sulphurdioxide
sulphur dioxideisismixed
mixedwith
withdry
dryoxygen
oxygenis ispassed
passed
overvanadium
over vanadium(V)
(V)oxide,
oxide,(catalyst)
(catalyst) at
ataa
temperatureof
temperature of450
450500
5000C
0
Cand
andaapressure
pressureof of
11 Atmosphere
Atmosphere(atm)
(atm)

Sulphurtrioxide
Sulphur
trioxide gas
gasisisdissolved
dissolvedin
inconcentrated
concentrated
sulphuricacid
sulphuric acid to
toproduce
produceoleum
oleum
SO3++ HHSO
SO
2SO4 HH22SS22OO77(oleum)
(oleum)
3 2 4

Oleumis
Oleum
isdiluted
dilutedwith
withan
anequal
equalvolume
volumeofofwater
water
Toproduced
To
produced concentrated
concentratedsulphuric
sulphuricacid
acid. .
HH2SSO
2
2O7 ++ H
2 7
HO2O
2
2HSO
2H 2SO4
2 4
 Ammonia is oxidised to nitrogen monoxide
by oxygen. The presence of platinum ( catalyst ).
Temperature 8500 9000 C & pressure 5 atm.

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H20

Nitrogen monoxide is oxidised to nitrogen dioxide

2NO + O2 2NO2

Nitrogen dioxide is dissolved in water to produce

nitric acid .
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2 O 4HNO3
Gas hidrogen dan nitrogen bertindak
balas pada suhu 4500 - 5500 C , tekanan 200 500 atm
dan dibantu oleh mangkin ( serbuk ferum )
Bahan penggalak ialah molibdenum

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
 PREPARED BY

PN ZAINAB BT AYUB