IMMUNE

SYSTEM
Group 5
Ongki Yuwentin 140210103042
Desy Putri Islamiyah 140210103044
Rohmatul Islamiyah 140210103046

Do not copy without permission of the author (Group 5 Class B)

What is Immune system?

immune system is a system of biological protection

from outside influences conducted by specialized
cells and organs in an organism that is not easily
affected by the disease.
Immune System Function

There are some functions of the immune system, among other things:
Protecting the body against foreign substances or germs that enter the
body.
Eliminate dead tissue or damaged cells (cell debris) for tissue repair.
Identify and remove the abnormal cells.
Keeping the body's in the homeostatic balance
Lymphoid Tissue

Collectively lymphoid tissue means tissue that produce, store, or

process the lymphocytes. These tissues include bone marrow,
lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, spleen, adenoids, appendix and
aggregate lymphoid tissue in the gastrointestinal tract called ercak
Peyer or gut-associcated lympoid tissue
Classification of Immune
System
1. Non Specific Body Defense System (INNATE
IMMUNITY)

2. Specific Body Defense System (ADAPTIVE

IMMUNITY)
 Non Specific Body Defense
System (INNATE IMMUNITY)
1. Defense are on Body Surface
- Physical : skin and mucous membranes
- Mechanic : nose hair and cilia in the trachea
- Chemical : by secretions
2. Inflammation Response (Inflammation)
3. Fagositosis
4. Protein Antimikrobia
1. Defense are on Body Surface
a. Physical : skin and mucous membranes
. With its many layers of closely packed, keratinized cells, the outer
epithelial layer of the skinthe epidermisprovides a formidable
physical barrier to the entrance of microbes.
. The epithelial layer of mucous membranes, which line body
cavities, secretes a fluid called mucus that lubricates and moistens
the cavity surface. Because mucus is slightly viscous, it traps many
microbes and foreign substances.
b. Mechanic
The mucous membrane of the nose has mucus-coated hairs
that trap and filter microbes, dust, and pollutants from inhaled
air.
The mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract contains
cilia. The waving action of cilia propels inhaled dust and
microbes that have become trapped in mucus toward the
throat.
10

Chemical : by secretions

The lacrimal apparatus (LAK-ri-mal) of the eyes, manufactures and

drains away tears in response to irritants. Tears also contain
lysozyme.

Besides tears, lysozyme is present in saliva, perspiration, nasal

secretions, and tissue fluids. Saliva, produced by the salivary glands,
washes microbes from the surfaces of the teeth and from the mucous
membrane of the mouth.
Inflammation

Tissue damage
caused by a
wound or by an
invading
pathogenic
microorganism
induces a
complex
sequence of
events
collectively
known as the
inflammatory
response.
Phagocytosis

Another
important
innate
defense
mechanism
is the
ingestion
of
extracellula
r
particulate
material by
phagocyt
Antimicrobial Protein
Antimicrobial protein is a protein
that can inhibit the growth of pathogens
also plays a role in the body's defenses
nonspecific. Infection of
microorganisms will stimulate
antimicrobial group consisting of 21
serum proteins to lyse the
microorganisms.
Antimicrobial proteins are of two
kinds, namely:
(1) Protein Complement
(2) Interferon
a) Protein complement.

A group of antimicrobial proteins known as the complement

system. Protein complementary active only meet with the antigen and
antibody or meet with the membrane of microorganisme. Activity of
the complement system begins with the contact between one of the
proteins with the surface of the body of microorganisms. This will
result in the formation of pores in the cell membrane of
microorganisms that will eventually undergo lysis.
 Complement protein kills bacteria by forming a hole in the
cell wall and the plasma membrane of the bacteria. This
resulted in Ca2 + ions out of the bacterial cell. meanwhile,
fluids and salts from the outside bacteria will get into bacterial
cells, the influx of fluid and salt have resulted in bacterial cells
destroyed
b) Interferon
Another set of proteins that play a role in the body's
defenses are nonspecific, interferon excreted by cells infected
by a virus. For cells, interferon does not provide benefits.
However, interferon will diffuse into the surrounding cells and
induces the cells to form chemicals that will inhibit virus
growth.
 2. Specific Body Defense
System (ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY)
antigen
Anything that can trigger
this immune response is
called an antigen.

An antigen can be a
microbe such as a virus,
or even a part of a
microbe.
Lymphocyt
es
Lymphocytes are one of many
types of white blood cells produced
in the bone marrow
The two major populations of
lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B
cells) and T lymphocytes (T
B lymphocytes (B
cells)

When a naive B cell (one that has not Previously

encountered antigen) first encounters the antigen that
matches its membranebound antibody, the binding of the
antigen to the antibody causes the cell to divide Rapidly ;
its progeny differentiate into memory B cells and effector
cells called plasma B cells.

Plasma cells produce the antibody in a form that can be

secreted.

Memory B cells have a longer life span than naive cells, and
they express the same membrane-bound antibody B as
Antibodie
s
an antibody (IgG) molecule is made up of
two pairs of two different proteins, the
heavy chain (Hc) and the light chain (Lc).
Because of this structure, each molecule has
two identical hands (Fab regions) that
can bind to antigens.
Proteins are the ideal molecules to use for
constructing antibodies that can grasp
attackers, because different proteins can
fold up into a myriad of complex shapes.
Subclass of Antibody
The steps in the processing and presenting of an
exogenous
antigen by an antigen-presenting cell occur as follows
 T - Lymphocytes

The role of T cells can be divided into two main functions:

1. The function of the regulator is mainly done by one subset of T cells, helper T cells (CD4). CD4
cells secrete molecules known as cytokines (a low molecular weight protein secreted by cells of the
immune system) to perform its regulatory function.
2. The functions performed by the effector cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells). These CD8 cells were able to
kill cells infected by a virus, tumor cell and tissue transplantation by injecting a chemical called
perforin into the target "foreign"
Based on its function in general, there are three principal classes of T cells,
which are:
1. The cell cytotoxic (Tc), which is the effector cells from killing cells
(cells K)
2. T helper cell (Th) / CD4, which is a regulatory cell. Based on the
ability of cytokines produced divided into Th1 and Th2. Th1 have
contributed in humoral immunity.
3. The suppressor T cells (Ts) / CD8, a cell regulation
 Base on
Obtaining
- The immune system is divided two types :

Active Immunity is immunity produced by

the body itself. Active immunity can be
obtained naturally or artificially.

Passive Immunity is the opposite of active

immunity. Passive immunity obtained after
receiving antibodies from outside the
body, either natural or artificial.
 Active Immunity
Active immunity can be obtained naturally or
artificially.
a. Active immunity Natural
Obtained by someone after experiencing pain
from an infection germs. Once cured, the person will
be immune to the disease. For example, someone
who has had measles will not be affected by the
disease for a second time.
b. Active immunity Artificial
Artificial active immunity acquired through
vaccination or immunization. What is this second type of exposure called?
In general, vaccines are classified into 4 types:

The vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), polio sabin types, and measles.

The vaccine is made from microorganisms that have been weakened.

The pertussis vaccine and the Salk polio types. The vaccine is derived from

microorganisms that have been turned off.

Tetanus toxoid vaccine and diphtheria. The vaccine is derived from a toxin

(poison) that has been attenuated microorganisms / diluted concentration.

Vaccine hepatitis B. The vaccine is made from proteins of microorganisms.

 Passive Immunity
Passive immunity obtained after receiving antibodies from
outside the body, either natural or artificial.

Passive Immunity Natural, can be found in the baby

after receiving antibodies from the mother through the
placenta while still in the womb. This immunity may also
be obtained by administering first milk (colostrum) that
contains many antibodies.

Passive Immunity Artificial, obtained by injecting

antibodies extracted from an individual to another
person's body as serum. Immunity is of short duration,Why doesnt the mother
Thymus
but is able to heal quickly. An example is the provision just
of pass on the WBCs
antibisa snake serum to people who peck rattlesnake. that remember the
 Immune Disorders
1. Allergies
Allergy or hypersensitivity is an excessive immune response against compounds that enter the body.
Compounds are called allergens. Allergens can be dust, pollen, insect bites, cat hair, and certain types of
food, such as shrimp.
2. Autoimmunity is a disorder of the immune system when
antibodies are produced precisely attack the body's own cells
because they can not distinguish the body's own cells with
foreign cells. Autoimmunity can be caused by the failure of the T
cell maturation in the thymus gland. Autoimmunity cause some
disorders, namely:
a) Diabetes mellitus, caused by antibodies that attack the beta
cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin
function. This resulted in the body lacks insulin hormone
that increases blood sugar levels.
b) Myasthenia gravis is caused by antibodies that attack the
striated muscle striated muscle damage.
c) Addison's disease, is caused by antibodies that attack the adrenal gland. This
resulted in decreased body weight, decreased blood kadargula, fatigue, and
increased skin pigmentation.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERITHEMATOSUS (SLE)
d) Lupus, caused by antibodies that attack the
body itself. In patients with lupus, antibodies
attack the body in two ways, namely:
The antibodies attack the body's tissues
directly. For example, antibodies that attack
red blood cells, causing anemia.
Antibodies joined the antigen so as to form a
bond called immune complexes.
3. Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

AIDS is a collection of various diseases caused

by a weakened immune system. The disease is caused
by infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus), which attacks the helper T cell functions to
stimulate the formation of plasma B cells and other T
cell types.
The symptoms of AIDS are:
Disorders of the nervous system
Decreased libido
Headache
Fever
Sweating at night for months
Diarrhea
There are flecks of black or
purple on the entire body
There are many scars that have
not fully recovered
There was a drastic weight loss
How to prevent the transmission of HIV / AIDS:
Avoid sexual intercourse outside of marriage
Using a sterile syringe
Avoid direct contact with persons with HIV /
AIDS were injured
Receiving blood transfusions infected with
HIV / AIDS
TERIMAKASIH