4 - Digital Microwave Communication Principle

Digital Microwave
Communication
Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
This course is developed for the requirement from OptiX
RTN equipments.
This course mainly introduce the basic knowledge of
digital microwave communication. Engineers can have a
basic to understand the further OptiX RTN equipments
after finish the course.
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page3
Learning Guide
Before this course, you may refer to these references
first:

SDH Principle
Network Communication Technology

Electromagnetism Basics
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concept and characters of digital
microwave communication

Describe the theory and function of every parts in
the digital microwave system

List the networking application for digital microwave
systems

List the fadings in microwave propagation

List the common technologies of antifading
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction
3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

Equipment
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
Transmission Methods for
Communication
Coaxial Cable
Fiber
MUX MUX
Radio Microwave Radio
Ter. Ter.
Satellite
Fiber and Microwave
transmission
Microwave (MW) Optical Fiber
Easy to cross the space, few land Optical cable construction,
needed, avoid the private land large land used.
Low investment, short period, High investment, long

easy to maintain Construction period
Anti-natural disaster strongly , Outside cable maintenance,
easy to be restored fast natural disaster influence
Need to apply the frequency

No frequency license required
license
Performance affected by weather Performance stable, less
and landform influence from outside
Low transmission capacity High transmission capacity
Microwave (MW) Definition
Microwave (MW)
A kind of electromagnetic wave.

Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.

Be regard as plane wave.
The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of
transmission direction of plane wave. So it is called as
Transverse Electric and Magnetic field wave (TEM).
Digital MW communication
concepts
The communication that use microwave as carrier is
microwave communication.
The microwave communication with digital
baseband signal is Digital microwave
communication.
There is an intermediate frequency between digital
baseband signal and radio frequency signal.
Developing of MW
communication
Capacity /ch
SDH Digital
155M
MW system
PDH Digital
34/140M
MW System
Medium, low
2/4/6/8 capacity Digital 1990s to now
M MW System
Analog MW
System 1980s
480
1970s
tone
channel 1950s
s
Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity,
from 10~100M is medium capacity, and more than 100M is
large capacity.
Frequency Band and Radio
Channel
The common frequency bands :
7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R
rec. )
1. 2.5GH
5regionz
networks
2
8 3. 11 GHz
3 3 long-distance
area and local
Mbit/
4 backbone
s network, boundary
network
3
2 network
140
4 8
155 3
Mbit/ 14
4
s 155
0
Mbit/ GH
s z
1 2 3 4 5 8 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0
Channel (cont.)
The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing
are defined in every frequency band.
Frequency scope
f0(central freq.)
Low frequency High frequency
band band
Protectio T/R Protectio
n spacing T/R spacing n
spacing spacing
Chann Adjacen Chann

el t T/R el
f1 spacin f2 fn spacing f1 spacin f2 fn
g g
Sub-bands
Sub- Duplex Lower sub-band Upper sub-band
bands Tx frequency [MHz]
Tx frequency [MHz]
CD [MHz] Lower Upper Lower Upper
edge edge edge edge
11/15 1010 17706.5 18009.5 18716.5 19019.5
12/16 1010 17933.5 18236.5 18943.5 19246.5
---
21/25 340 18580 18670 18948 19910
---
31/35 1560 17700 18003 19260 19563
Low band High band
18/11 18/15
17.7 GHz Duplex (1010 MHz) 19.7 GHz

Sub-band end
Sub- Duplex Lower sub-band Upper sub-band

bands Tx frequency [MHz]
Tx frequency [MHz]
CD [MHz] Lower Upper Lower Upper
edge edge edge edge
11/15 1010 17706.5 18009.5 18716.5 19019.5
Tx center frequency
Channel spacing
14MHz 28MHz
28MHz
17720.5 MHz
7MHz 14MHz
14MHz
17713.50 MHz
Sub-bands
TX 17755.00 MHz RX
18/11 18/15
RX 18765.00 MHz TX
18/11 18/15
17.7 GHz Duplex (1010 MHz) 19.7 GHz

Channel (cont.)
Frequency scope 7425 7725MHz
f0(7575M)
T/R spacing:
154M
28M
f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1=7596 f2 f5

Freq. F0 T/R spacing channel High site / low
scope (MHz) (MHz) spacing(MHz) site
7425--7725 7575 154 28 Fn , Fn
7575 161 7
7110--7750 7275 196 28
7597 196 28
7250--7550 7400 161 3.5
.
Modulation modes for Digital
MW
The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the
baseband signal.
Service
signal
Base
band modulatio Channel
Signal n bandwidth
rate
Digital base band signal
Intermedia frequency
(IF) signal
Modulation modes for Digital
MW (cont.)
The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
A*COS Wc*t+ PSK and QAM

are commonly
used in digital
MW
Amplitude Frequenc Phas
y e
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and are
constant
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Wc is variable, A and are
constant Phase Shift Keying (PSK): is variable, A and Wc are
constant
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A and are
variable, Wc is constant
Modulation techniques, examples
C-QPSK (4QAM) 16QAM 128QAM
4 symbols 16 symbols 128 symbols

2 bit/symbol 4 bit/symbol 7 bit/symbol
Phase Phase and amplitude Phase and amplitude
Low modulation order: + long hops, fairly uncomplicated technique

High modulation order: + high traffic capacity per bandwidth
Modulation type is set by the Modem Unit

Ch. spacing / modulation /
capacity
Available combinations 128QAM
16QAM
C-QPSK
Distance [km]
Traffic capacity
Channel
spacing [MHz] C-QPSK 16QAM 128QAM
3.5 2x2
7 8 2x8
14 2x8 34+2
28 34+2 2x34 STM-1
56 STM-1

MW Frame Structure
Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):
171.072Mb/s
15.552Mb/s STM-1 155.52Mb/s
RFCOH SOH Payload
MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA

11.84Mb/ 64Kb/s 16Kb/ 64Kb/s 2.24Mb/ 864Kb/ 144Kb/ 32Kb/s 288Kb/
s s s s s s
RSC MW service control
MLCM: Multi-level coded modulation IN: N:1 switch instruction
DMY: Dummy ID: Identification
XPIC: Cross polarization interference counteract FA: Frame

synchronization
ATPC: Automatic transmitter power control WS Wayside
services
MW Frame Structure (cont.)
RFCOH and STM-1 data are blocked by multi-frame, there
are six rows in a multi-frame, 3564 bits per rows. A multi-
frame consists of two sub-frames, and 1776 bits for one
row in a sub-frame. The other 12 bits are used as FS.
Multi-frame 3564bit
FS Sub-frame 1 FS Sub-frame 2
6rows
6bit 1776bit 148 units 6bit 1776bit 148 units
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I b I I C2 I I I I I a I I b I I C2
I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1
12bit first unit 12bit 148th unit

I STM-1 date bit C1,C2: 2 Level error correction monitor bit FS: Frame sync.
a,b: other RFCOH
Questions
What is microwave? What is digital microwave
communication
What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?
What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band

arrangement ?
What modulation modes is commonly used? What

modulation modes are used in digital MW?
Contents

Equipment
Types of Digital MW Equipment
Modes Analog
Digital MW
MW
Multiplexin PDH SDH
g
medium, low Large

Capaci capacity capacity
ty 2 16E1 STM- Discontinued
34M 0 STM-1 2
x STM-1
Trunk MW
Structure split-mount MW
All-outdoor MW
Trunk MW Equipment
BRU: Branch of RF unit
MSTU: Main signal

transceiver unit (transceiver,
modem, SDH electric
P
interface, hitless module)
M1
M2 SCSU: surveil, control, switch
unit

BBIU: baseband interface unit

(optional: STM-1 optical
interface, C4 PDH interface)
SDH MW Equipment
All-outdoor MW Equipment
RF signal processing unit
IF cable
IF and baseband signal

processing unit
Service and power cable
All-outdoor MW
equipment
Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
IF Cable
RF unit or Outdoor
unit
(ODU)
Indoor Unit
split-mount MW equipment
Split-mount MW Equipment
(cont.)
Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU,
enlarge signal gain
ODU: RF signal processing conversion
between IF signal and RF signal.
IF cable: Transmission for IF service signal ,
ODU management signal and supply power
for ODU.
IDU: service access and distribute, multiple,
modem and so on.
Split-mount MW Equipment -
Installation
Separate
Direct installation
installation
Antenna
Antenna
ODU
Soft
waveguide
(ODU) IF cable IF cable

IDU
IDU IF interface
IF interface
Antenna
The antenna propagates the electric wave from
transmitter
into one direction, and receive the electric wave.
Paraboloid antenna and Kasai Green antenna are usually
used.
The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8,
2.4, and 3.0m, etc.
Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna
Antenna (cont.)
Several channels in one frequency band can
share one antenna.
Channe Channe
l l
1 1
T
x 1 1
R
x
n n
T
x n n
R
x
Antenna Aligning
Side
lobe Side view
Main lobe
Rear lobe
Side
lobe
Top view
Main lobe Rear lobe
Antenna Aligning
Wrong Wrong Correct
Antenna Specifications
Antenna gain

The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to surface antenna
(Pi) when getting the same electric field intensity at the same point.

It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB) :
Half power angle (3 dB beam width) 2
P D

G iowhere
From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points the
power decrease half are half power point. The anglePbetween
i the
two half power points is half power angle.

Approximate calculation formula
is:

0.5 (650 ~ 70 0 ) Half power angle
D
Antenna Specifications (cont.)
Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)

The suppressive intensity of power received from expected
polarization (Po) to the other polarization (Px). It should
more than 30db. Formula is:
XdB 10lgPo/Px
Antenna protection ratio
It is the ratio of the receiving attenuation in antenna other
lobes to the receiving attenuation in antenna main lobe. The
180 degree antenna protection ratio also be called as the
front / rear protection ratio.
Outdoor Unit
The main specifications of transmitter
Working frequency band:
One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of
a frequency band.

Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter.

The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
Outdoor Unit (cont.)
The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)
Frequency stability
The oscillation frequency stability of microwave device
is from 3 to 10 ppm.

Transmitting frequency spectrum frame
A restricted frequency scope is frequency spectrum
frame.
The main specifications of receiver
Work frequency band:
The receiving frequency of local station is the same
with the remote station.

Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from
2.5 to 5dB.
The main specifications of receiver (cont.)

Passband

The typical value is 1 to 2 times of transmission code element
rate.

Selectivity

The suppressing ability against interference beyond transmission
bands

Automatic gain control (AGC) range

Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF output power level
when receiving RF power level shift in a range because of fading.
Indoor Unit
Accessing service like E1 or STM-1
Processing RFCOH
Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Service
IF unit
channel
Multiplex
of modul
Cable interface
Tx IF
microwave ation
Service frame From/t
Demultiple
accessing x of demod
Rx IF o ODU
microwave ulation
frame
Interfa Service
ce of channe
Monitor and
OM l
control unit
DC/DC convert
Questions
What are the classification of digital MW equipment
What components are there in the split-mount digital

MW equipment What are the functions of them?
What are the main parameters of antenna
What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and

receiver
Summary
Classification of digital microwave equipment
Functions of the components in split-mount digital
MW equipment
Parameters of antenna
Parameters of ODU
Function of IDU
Contents
3. Networking and Application of Digital

Microwave Equipment
Common Networking
Application
Point to point
Ring
link
Add / drop
link
Tree
Types of Digital MW Stations
The digital MW station includes terminal station,
relay station and pivotal station
Relay Pivotal
statio station
Terminal n
station
Pivot Terminal
al station
statio
n
Terminal
station
Types of Relay Stations
Passive Parabolic reflectors
Plane reflector
Relay
station
Regenerative relay
Active
IF relay
RF relay
Active Relay Stations
RF direct station:

Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally
without frequency shift.
Regenerative relay station:

It extends the MW propagation distance and change
direction to round the obstacles.
Passive Relay Stations
Parabolic reflectors:
It consists of two parabolic antennas which are
connected back to back with a section of waveguide.
Plane reflectors:

A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective
acreage.
Passive Relay (actual picture)
Plane reflectors Parabolic reflectors
Application of Digital MW
Supplement
for optical
network Special
Backhaul (the last transmission
transmissiomile access) situation
n for (river, lake,
mobile BTS Microwave island)
applicatio
Emergency
Critical link
n communicatio
backup n large
activity,
VIP crisis
customer
access
Questions
Which network application are commonly used by
digital MW?
What types of stations are there in the digital MW

system?
What types of the relay stations are there?
What are the applications for digital MW system?
Contents

Equipment
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading

Technologies
Contents
Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Antifading Technologies
Factors Affect MW Propagation
Landform:

The reflection from land affect receiving signal from main direction
Direct
Direct
Reflection Reflection
4 types of the landform:

A: mountainous region (or the region of dense buildings)

B: foothill (the fluctuation of ground is gently)

C: flatland

D: large acreage of water
Factors Affect MW Propagation
(cont.)
Atmosphere and weather:

Atmosphere absorption mainly affect the microwave
whose frequency is over 12 GHz.

Refraction, reflection, dispersion in the troposphere.

Scattering and absorption loss caused by rain, fog
and snow. It mainly affect the microwave whose
frequency is over 10 GHz.
Classification of the Fading
Fading
Sustained Received
mechanism Effect
duration level
Fading in free
space Downward
Absorption fading
loss Upward
Fading of rain and Fading
fog
Frequency selective
Scintillation fading
fading
K facter Fast Fading Flat
fading fading
Duct Type fading Slow Fading
Free Space Fading
Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

d = distance in km f = frequency in GHz
d
PTX = Output
GTX GRX PRX = Receiving
power
power
Power G = Antenna
f gain
Level A = Free space loss
G M = Fading Margin
A
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
distance
Absorption Loss
It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
Rain & Fog Fading
Generally, different frequency band has
different loss.

less than 10 GHz, its fading caused by rain and fog is
not serious.
over 10 GHz, relay distance is limited by fading

caused by rains.
over 20GHz, the relay distance is only about several

kilometers for the rain & fog fading.
K Factor Fading
A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius
of earth).
the value of K is depend on the local
meteorological phenomena
Re R
Scintillation Fading
The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for
pressure, temperature or humidity is different as
other area, and the electric wave is scattered by it.
sketch map of Scintillation fading
Duct Type Fading
When electric waves pass the atmospheric
waveguide, super reflection occurs.
sketch map of Duct Type fading
Multi-Path Propagation and
Fading
The receiving paths
includes direct path and
other reflection paths.
Multi-path fading is
caused by the signals Groun
interference from d
different propagation
paths
Flat Fading
Upward
fading
Receive
level in
free
space
Thresho
ld
(-30dB )
Fast 1h
Signal
fading Slow interruption
fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Frequency selective fading will cause the in-band
distortion and decrease system original fading
margin.
Receiving power (dBm)
Flat Selective fading
Normal
Freq. (MHz)
Contents
Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Antifading Technologies
Antifading Technologies
Types Improving effects
Wave shape
Adaptive Equalization
distortion
Antifading Wave shape
technologies Cross Polarization distortion
related with Interference Counteract
device
Automatic Transmit Power
Power reduction
Control
Forward Error Correct Power reduction
Antifading
Wave shape
technologies Diversity receive
distortion and Power
related with technologies
reduction
system
Adaptive Frequency
Equalization
Slope
Signal frequency Spectrum
Multi-path after
spectrum domain
fading equalizatio
equalization
n
Adaptive Time Equalization
T T T
Before C-n C0 Cn After

Equalizati Equalization
on
-2Ts -Ts Ts -2Ts -Ts Ts
Automatic Transmit Power
Control
ATPC is used to reduce interference to adjacent system,
upward-fading, DC power consumption and refine
characteristic of residual error rate.
modulat transmitt receiv demodulat

or er er or
ATPC ATPC
demodulat receiver transmitt modulat

or er or
XPIC
XPIC is cross-polarization interference
counteracter.
680MH
30M 340MHz
80MHz z
Hz
60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 8
Horizontal V
Direction (H)
polarization
of electric
H
field (V)
680MHz
Vertical
340M
polarization 30M 80MHz Hz
Hz 60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
8 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
V
(H)
H
(V)
1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X
1X 2X 3X' 4X 5X 6X 7X
8X 8X
Frequency configuration in U6GHz band ITU-R F.384-5
Diversity Reception
Diversity reception is used to minimize the
effects of fading. It includes:

Space diversity (SD)
Frequency diversity (FD)

Polarization diversity
Angle diversity
Frequency Diversity
The merit is only need one set of feeder and
antenna, but its demerit is that utilization of
frequency band is low.
f1
f2
Space Diversity
The merit is saving frequency resource, but demerit
is system is complex and need two or more sets of
feeder and antenna.
f1
f1
Other Antifading Methods
blocking the reflected wave by some terrain or
obstacles.
Other Antifading Methods
(cont.)
Different height antennas in one hop.
Questions
What are the factors which affect microwave
propagation?
What types of the fading are there in microwave

propagation?
What types of antifading technologies can be used?
Summary
Digital microwave communication definitions.
Frequency bands and radio channel arrangement
Structure and function of digital microwave
equipment
Application of digital microwave communication
Microwave propagation and fading
Antifading technologies
Thank you
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Digital Microwave

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

Low investment, short period, High investment, long

Need to apply the frequency

Low transmission capacity High transmission capacity

Chann Adjacen Chann

Low band High band

17.7 GHz Duplex (1010 MHz) 19.7 GHz

Sub- Duplex Lower sub-band Upper sub-band

17.7 GHz Duplex (1010 MHz) 19.7 GHz

f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1=7596 f2 f5

A*COS Wc*t+ PSK and QAM

4 symbols 16 symbols 128 symbols

Low modulation order: + long hops, fairly uncomplicated technique

Modulation type is set by the Modem Unit

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

15.552Mb/s STM-1 155.52Mb/s

RFCOH SOH Payload

MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA

XPIC: Cross polarization interference counteract FA: Frame

12bit first unit 12bit 148th unit

What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?

What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band

What modulation modes is commonly used? What

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

medium, low Large

BRU: Branch of RF unit

MSTU: Main signal

BBIU: baseband interface unit

RF signal processing unit

IF and baseband signal

Service and power cable

Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna

Wrong Wrong Correct

What components are there in the split-mount digital

What are the main parameters of antenna

What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

Passive Parabolic reflectors

Plane reflectors Parabolic reflectors

What types of stations are there in the digital MW

What types of the relay stations are there?

What are the applications for digital MW system?

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading

4.2 Antifading Technologies

4 types of the landform:

over 10 GHz, relay distance is limited by fading

over 20GHz, the relay distance is only about several

sketch map of Scintillation fading

sketch map of Duct Type fading

Flat Selective fading

4.2 Antifading Technologies

Before C-n C0 Cn After

-2Ts -Ts Ts -2Ts -Ts Ts

ACOS Wct+ PSK and QAM