Fuzzy

Logic
Theory
 Fuzzy Logic Theory
Outline
Introduction

Fuzzy set

Membership

Operations Properties

Fuzzy Relations
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Introduction
What is the Fuzzy Logic (FL)?
In 1965, L. Zadeh proposed the fuzzy logic concept in:
Fuzzy sets Inf. Control, vol. 8, pp. 338-353, June 1965.
In 1976, Mamdai proposed pioneering work on linguistic procedure where he was produced
the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) in:
Advances in the linguistic synthesis of fuzzy controllers Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud., vol. 8, pp.
669-678, 1976.
In recent years, the number and variety of applications of fuzzy logic have increased
significantly. The applications range from consumer products such as: cameras, camcorders,
washing machines, and microwave ovens to industrial process control, medical
instrumentation, and decision-support systems.
The Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) could be useful in cases where there is no mathematical
model for the system, and if the expert qualitative control expression in fuzzy sentences could
be applied in controlling the system.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Introduction
Unlike the traditional, hard computing, soft computing accommodates
the imprecision of the real world.
The guiding principle of soft computing is: Exploit the tolerance for
imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth to achieve tractability,
robustness, and low solution cost.
Among various combinations of methodologies in soft computing, the one
that has highest visibility at this stage is that of fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy logic is all about the relative importance of precision: How
important is it to be exactly right when a rough answer will do?

Do you thing that the (precision) is important in real world?

Fuzzy Logic (FL) Introduction

Which Hard soft

one is computi computi
the most ng ng
importan
t thing:
Precision
or
Significa
nt?
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Introduction
Fuzzy logic is a convenient way to map an input space to an output space. Mapping input to output is the
starting point for everything. Consider the following examples:
With information about how good your service was at a restaurant, a fuzzy logic system can tell you what
the tip should be.
With your specification of how hot you want the water, a fuzzy logic system can adjust the faucet valve to
the right setting.
With information about how far away the subject of your photograph is, a fuzzy logic system can focus
the lens for you.
With information about how fast the car is going and how hard the motor is working, a fuzzy logic system
can shift gears for you.

A graphical example of an input-

output map is shown in the
following figure.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Introduction
Why Use Fuzzy Logic?
Here is a list of general observations about fuzzy logic:
1 Fuzzy logic is conceptually easy to understand.
2 Fuzzy logic is flexible.
3 Fuzzy logic is tolerant of imprecise data.
4 Fuzzy logic can model nonlinear functions.
5 Fuzzy logic can be built on top of the experience of experts.
6 Fuzzy logic can be mixed with conventional control techniques.
7 Fuzzy logic is based on natural language.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Fuzzy Sets

Therefore, the vague value in most situations is not applicable for Boolean logic
functions e.g the line to differ between tall and short, fat and thin, high and low.
A = {x, (x)}
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Linguistic Variable
Linguistic Variable: a linguistic variable is a description of a term with
fuzzy value. It is variable whose values are words rather than numbers.
Such as: Short, tall, hot, cold.
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Membership function (MF)
If the kind of distinction shown previously is unworkable, then what is the right way to define
the set of tall people?
The figure following shows a smoothly varying curve that passes from not-tall to tall. The
output-axis is a number known as the membership value between 0 and 1. The curve is known
as a membership function and is often given the designation of . This curve defines the
transition from not tall to tall. Both people are tall to some degree, but one is significantly less
tall than the other.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Logical Operations
Logical Operations
The most important thing to realize about fuzzy logical reasoning is the fact that it is a
superset of standard Boolean logic. The main operation of fuzzy set are
Resolve the statement A AND B,
where A and B are limited to the
range (0,1), by using the function
min(A,B).
You can replace the OR operation
with the max function, so that
A OR B becomes equivalent to
max(A,B).
Finally, the operation NOT A
becomes equivalent to the operation
1 A.
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Logical Operations
The next figure uses a graph to
show the same information. In
this figure, the truth table is
converted to a plot of two
fuzzy sets applied together to
create one fuzzy set. The upper
part of the figure displays plots
corresponding to the preceding
two-valued truth tables, while
the lower part of the figure
displays how the operations
work over a continuously
varying range of truth values A
and B according to the fuzzy
operations you have defined.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) If-Then Rules
If-Then
Rules
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy operators are the subjects and verbs of fuzzy logic. These if-then rule
statements are used to formulate the conditional statements that comprise fuzzy logic.
A single fuzzy if-then rule assumes the form:
if x is A then y is B

where A and B are linguistic values defined by fuzzy sets on the ranges (universes of
discourse) X and Y, respectively. The if-part of the rule x is A is called the antecedent or
premise, while the then-part of the rule y is B is called the consequent or conclusion. An
example of such a rule might be:
If service is good then tip is average
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Fuzzy vs. Nonfuzzy Logic
Fuzzy vs. Nonfuzzy Logic
The Basic Tipping Problem
To illustrate the value of fuzzy logic, examine both linear and fuzzy approaches to the
following problem:
What is the right amount to tip your waitperson?
The Basic Tipping Problem. Given a number between 0 and 10 that represents the
quality of service at a restaurant (where 10 is excellent), what should the tip be?

The Nonfuzzy Approach

Begin with the simplest possible relationship.
Suppose that the tip always equals 15% of the
total bill.
tip = 0.15
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Fuzzy vs. Nonfuzzy Logic
Tipping Problem can be extended
Fuzzy Logic (FL) Fuzzy vs. Nonfuzzy Logic
The Fuzzy Logic Approach
You need to capture the essentials of this problem.
If you make a list of what really matters in this problem, If you want to include the foods effect on the
you might end up with the following rule descriptions. tip, add the following two rules.

You can combine the two different lists of rules into one tight list of three rules like so.
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions

a c
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions

b c

a d
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions

c
1

0.8
=2 =1
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions

x=0:0.1:10;
y=sigmf(x,[3 4]);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('sigmf, P=[3 4]')
1

0.75
c
0.5
1 1
2 2
0.25

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
sigmf, P=[3 4]
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions

c1 c2
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of membership
functions
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of Fuzzy Inference
Systems (FIS)
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of Fuzzy Inference
Systems (FIS)
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Types of Fuzzy Inference
Systems (FIS)
Back-Propagation Net

THE
END