Dental and

Skeletal
Growth
Janatin Hastuti, PhD
Laboratorium of Bio- &
Paleoanthropology
Faculty of Medicine UGM
Objectives of lecture:
To understand the dental and skeletal
growth with age and their normal
variation
To understand that bone grow as a
process from intrauterine up to late
adolescent
To understand normal dental eruption
useful as physical growth assessment in
pediatric
Definition of growth
Progressive incremental changes in size and
morphology that occur through the
development of the individuals
i. Growth is generally a regular process that
involves:
1. Increase in size
2. Attainment of consecutive levels of
maturity
ii. Growth is variable
iii. Hereditary and environmental factors
influence

Categories of subadult
1. Fetal
2. Perinatal
3. Neonatal
Aging Sub-adult Skeletons
a. Chronological vs. Skeletal age
b. Methods depend on age category
i. Fetal/perinatal metric methods
ii. Neonatal metric methods, dental formation
iii. Infant metric methods, dental
formation/eruption, fusion of primary
ossification centers
iv. Early childhood metric methods, dental
formation/eruption, fusion of primary
ossification centers
v. Late childhood dental eruption, fusion of
primary ossification centers
vi. Adolescence epiphyseal fusion
 Bone Growth and
Development
All Bone develops from differentiation of
mesenchymal tissue
Can occur in two different ways:
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Primary ossification centers, for both
intramembranous and endochondral ossification
form in embryonic or fetal life
Endochondral ossification
Ossification occurs indirectly
Stages:
1. Formation of primary ossification center
2. Marrow cavity forms (funnelization)
3. Periosteal deposition of bone continues,
forming cortex of diaphysis
4. Formation of secondary ossification
center (generally after birth)
5. The growth plate
6. Epiphyseal Fusion
Ossification of
the long bone
Ossification

.
Age of
ossification
Tooth Formation (odontogenesis)
a. Develop from two sources: epithelial cells
derivatives form enamel and mesenchyme
derivatives form the dentin, pulp, cementum and
associated soft tissue structures
b. Develop within the jaw beginning in fetal life (6
weeks gestation)
c. Four stages
i. Bud ii. Cap
iii. Bell iv. Appositional
1. Enamel formed by ameloblasts
2. Dentin formed by odontoblasts
d. Tooth eruption
i. Occurs in chronological order
ii. Root growth stimulates tooth eruption
iii. Ameloblasts are shed so no more enamel can
be formed
e. Permanent dentition continues to develop as
Human teeth
1. Deciduous teeth (milk, temporary, baby, fall,
primary teeth)

Teething age of primary teeth:

Central incisors: 612 months

Lateral incisors: 916 months
First molar: 1319 months
Canine teeth: 1623 months
Second molars: 2233 months

2
m 1
m c 2
i i1 i 2 c m1
1
i m2
2m 1 m c 2i i1 i 2 c m1
i m
Human teeth
2. Permanent teeth (secondary teeth)

3
M 2
M 1
M 2
P 1
P C I1 I2 C P1 P 2 M1 M2
2
I 1
I M3
3 M 2 M 1 M 2 P 1 P C I1 I2 C P1 P 2 M1 M2
2I 1I M3
Dental eruption
Dental eruption

.
Dental/ skeletal growth
anomaly/pathology
Dental:
Mulberry molar in syphilitic mother
Agenesis M3

Skeletal:
Cretinism
Gigantism
Hyperdontia
References
Behrman RE. 1992. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics.
WB Saunders Co. Phil.
Boyd E. 1980. Origins of the study of human
growth. University of Oregon, Health Sciences
Center Foundation, Portland.
Buckler, JMH. 1979 A Reference Manual of Growth
and Development. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Indriati, E. 2004 Antropologi Forensik: Identifikasi
Rangka Manusia, Aplikasi Antropologi Biologis
dalam Konteks Hukum. Gadjah Mada University
Press, Yogyakarta.
THANK YOU