Protective Relays-

Electromagnetic Type

Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 Types of Protective Relay
Electromagnetic or Electrothermal
Static
Microprocessor Based

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 Electromagnetic Relays-Subtypes
Attracted armature
Induction Disc
Printed Disc dynamometer
Permanent Magnet
Moving Coil
Polarized Moving Coil

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1) Attracted Armature

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 Hinged Armature and plunger type
construction.
Coil energized by operating quantity.
Operating quantity is proportional to System
current or voltage.
Operating quantity produces a magnetic flux
which produces electromagnetic force.
Emf is proportional to (flux in air gap) 2 .
Emf is proportional to (current)2 .
Attractive force increases as the armature
approaches the pole of the electromagnet.
Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 Used for protection of small machine/
equipment etc.
Used for auxiliary relays such as indicating
flags, slave relay, alarm relay etc.
Actuating quantity maybe ac or dc.
If its dc=>emf of attraction is constant.
If its ac=>sinusoidal current flows thro coil
and hence force of attraction is
F=KI2=K(I msinwt) 2=KI m 2 [(1-cos2wt)]/2
=K/2(Im 2 -Im 2 cos2wt)
Time dependent and pulsates at double the frequency of applied ac
quantity. Total force is double frequency of pulsating force
constant
=>armature vibrates at double the frequency & relay has humming
Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
sound and becomes noisy
 The above can be eliminated using
a) Shaded construction
b) Electromagnet with 2 coils
One coil gets energized by the
actuating quantity.
Other gets its supply through a
phase shifting circuit.
Restraining force is provided by a
spring.

Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 Characteristics of Armature type
relay
Instantaneous Relay
Operating Speed is very high i.e.5ms
Faster than induction disc and cup type relays
Compact, robust and reliable
Affected by transients
Almost Obsolete

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Modified hinged Armature type
relay

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 2) Induction Disc Relay
Shaded Pole type
Wattmetric type

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i) Shaded Pole Type

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 Rotating disc is made of Al.
C shaped electromagnet is available.
One half of each pole of electromagnet is surrounded
by Cu band know as shaded ring.
Shaded portion of pole produces a flux which is
displayed in space and time wrt flux produced by
unshaded portion of pole.
i.e. two alternate fluxes displaced in space and time
cut the disc and produce eddy currents in it.
Torques are produced by the interaction of each flux
with the eddy current produced by other flux.
The resultant torque causes the disc to rotate.
Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 Important Terms
Plug Setting current =
current rating of relay * (relay set at %)/100
PSM=Plug Setting Multiplier=

current through operating coil

---------------------------------------
Plug setting current
= CT secondary current
-----------------------------
Plug Setting Current
= (line current/CT ratio)
-----------------------------
plug setting current Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 Important Terms
Pick up current: The minimum current at
which the relay operates is called so.
TMS (Time Multiplier Setting)
= T/Tm
= desired relay operating time for a given PSM
-------------------------------------------------------
corresponding operating time at TMS=1
Relay operating time can be varied by varying
the TMS
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ii) Wattmetric Type

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 Two electromagnets are used: upper and
lower one
Each magnet produces an alternating flux
which cuts the disc
To obtain phase displacement between 2
fluxes produced by upper and lower
electromagnet
a) Their coils maybe energized by two
different sources (or)
b) Energized by the same source; the
resistance and reactance of 2 circuits are
made different so that there will be
sufficient phase difference
Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 Characteristics
Robust
Reliable
Used for overcurrent protection
Slow
Operating time is adjustable
Reset/Pickup is very high
VA burden depends on application i.e.25VA
Torque is proportional to (Operating Current) 2
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 Spring is used to supply the resetting torque.
A permanent magnet is used to produce
eddy current.
Magnet should be stable with age.
Braking torque is proportional to speed of
disc.
Disc inertia should be small as possible so
that it should stop rotating as soon as I fault
disappears when CB operates at any other
location or fault current is for short moment.
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 i.e. after cessation of fault current, disc will
travel some distance due to inertia. This distance
should be minimum. It is called overrun of disc.
At current below pick up value, the disc
remains stationary by tension of control
spring acting against normal direction of disc
rotation.
The disc carries an arm which is attached to its
spindle. Spindle is supported by jewel bearings.
Arm bridges the relay contacts.

Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 Current setting:
Number of tapings are a/v in disc type units to
select the desired pick up value of current.
Time setting:

Distance which the disc travels before it closes

the relay contact can be adjusted by adjusting the
position of backstop.
If backstop is advanced: distance of travel is
reduced i.e. shorter operating time of relay.

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Derivation of Induction Disc relay:

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 Fluxes 1= 1msinwt
2= 2msin(wt+); where is the phase
difference between 1
i.e. 2 leads 1 by
Voltage induced in the rotor are:

E1 d 1/d t 1mcoswt
E2 d 2/d t 2mcos(wt+ )
Induced eddy currents are in phase with their

voltages
i1 1mcoswt
i2 2mcos(wt+ )
Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
Current produced by the flux interacts with the
other flux and vice versa. The forces
produced are
F1 1i2
1msinwt . 2mcos(wt+)
1m2m cos(wt+).sinwt
F2 2i1
2msin(wt+ ). 1mcoswt
1m2m sin(wt+).coswt

Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika
 As these forces are in opposition, the resultant force
is
F = (F2-F1)
1m2m [sin(wt+).coswt - cos(wt+).sinwt ]
1m2msin
Suffix m is usually dropped and hence
F = K12sin; here 1 and 2 are rms values
If the same current produces 1 and 2, then

F=KI2sin
If two actuating currents M and N produce and
1
2, the force produced is
F=KMNsin
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3a) Printed Disc Relay

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 There is a permanent magnet to produce a
magnetic field
Current from the CT is fed to the printed disc
through a rectifier
When a current carrying conductor is placed in
the magnetic field a force is developed,
thereby a torque is exerted on it

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 3b) Printed Disc Relay

I2t = k relay Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika

 Characteristic:
More accurate time characteristic
Very efficient
50 to 100 times efficient than induction disc
relay

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4) Induction Cup Relay

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 Stationary iron core is placed inside the
rotating cup to decrease the air gap without
increasing the inertia
The spindle of the cup carries an arm which
closes contacts
A spring is employed to provide a resetting
torque
It operates in the same principle of induction
motor
It employs 4 or 8 pole structure
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 Rotor is hollow cylinder (inverted cup)
Two pairs of coil produces a rotating field
which induces current in the rotor
A torque is produced which causes rotation
Inertia of cup is much less than a disc
Magnetic leakage is minimum
Torque per VA is about three times that of an
induction disc type construction
VA Burden is greatly reduced

Prof.O.V.Gnana Swathika