History of the

Periodic Table
of the Elements
(CHEM 1360)
Part 3
 Lavoisiers Elements

Elements in the body

Nonmetallic elements

Metallic elements

Earths
 Atoms are featureless
spheres. The only
difference between
different elements
is their weight.
For example:
Hydrogen 1
Carbon 5
Oxygen 7
Phosphorus 9
Sulphur 13
Magnesia 20
Lime 24
Potash 42
Iron 50
Lead 90
John Dalton Mercury 167
Manchester, England Gold 190
1810
These are models of atoms constructed by Dalton,
now on display in a Manchester museum.
 Determined
Atomic
Weights Accurately

Jns Jacob Berzelius

Stockholm, Sweden
1826
 Atomic Weights (Berzelius*)
H1 Li 7 Be 9.4 B 11 C 12
N 14 O 16 F 19 Na 23 Mg
24 Al 27.3 Si 28 P 31 S 32
Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40 Ti 48 V 51
Cr 52 Mn 55 Fe 56 Co 59
Ni 59 Cu 63 Zn 65 As 75 Se 78
Br 80 Rb 85 Sr 87 Y 88 Zr
90 Nb 94 Mo 96 Ru 104 Rh
104 Pd 106 Ag 108 Cd 112 In
113 Sn 118 Sb 122
Te 125 I 127 Cs 133 Ba 137
Di 138 Ce 140 Er 178 La 180
Ta 182 W 184 Os 195 Ir 197
Pt 198 Au 199 Hg 200 Tl 204
Pb 207 Bi 208 Th 231 U 240
*Recalculated using Cannizzaros principle
Triads suggest an underlying pattern
Ca = 40 Sr = 87 Ba = 137
(40+137)/2 = 88.5
Cl = 35.5 Br = 80 I = 127
(35.5+127)/2 = 81.2
K = 39 Rb = 85 Cs = 133
(39+133)/2 = 86
S = 32 Se = 78 Te = 125
(32+125)/2 = 78.5 Johann Dbereiner
P = 31 As = 75 Sb = 122 Jena, Germany
1829
(31+122)/2 = 76.5
 The Chemical Congress of 1860

Stndehaus, Karlsruhe, Germany

The time had come for chemists to resolve several questions and
to come to agreement on several conventions.
While Lincoln was debating key issues during the
Presidential campaign in the fall of 1860, chemists
from all over the world congregated in Karlsruhe.
 The Chemical Congress debated
several key issues. Foremost were
(1) the question of whether to use
chemical equivalents (the amount
of an element that reacts with a
standard weight of oxygen) or
atomic weights to describe
chemical reactions, and (2) what
symbolism to use for chemical
formulas.

Chemical formula symbols were particularly confusing; various

conventions were in use, utilizing bars, dots, sometimes
equivalents and sometimes weights. H2O2 could represent either
water or hydrogen peroxide, C2H4 either ethylene or methane!
 Cannizzaro provides the solution

Stanislao Cannizzaro wrote a famous pamphlet which was

distributed at the Chemical Congress which clearly distinguished
between atoms and molecules and allowed an unequivocal
working definition of atomic weight. Almost immediately
everyone was converted to his system, which we use today.
Cannizzaro based his suggestions on Avogadros hypothesis.
 Avogadros hypothesis is rediscovered

Cannizzaro rediscovered
Avogadros work on gas
volumes which had been
ignored for half a century.

Amedeo Avogadro was far ahead of his time when he published

in 1811 his hypothesis that equal volumes of all gases contain equal
numbers of molecules (at the same temperature and pressure).
Cannizzaro showed that application of Avogadros hypothesis
produced a self-consistent set of atomic weights.
A word more about volumes of gases. . .
Gay-Lussac had found in 1808 that when gases
chemically react, the volumes of both the reactants
and the products are in simple ratios. For example,
1 volume nitrogen + 3 volumes hydrogen
react to give 2 volumes of ammonia.
N + H H H Am Am

Avogadro interpreted this reaction as expressing

what happens on an atomic (and molecular) scale,
by borrowing from Daltons atomic theory:
 And a final word about water. . .
Avogadro in 1811 actually hypothesized the
correct interpretation in the reaction of
hydrogen with oxygen to produce water.
O + H H Wa Wa

Again, Avogadro explained this reaction as

expressing what happens on an atomic (and
molecular) scale, using Daltons atomic theory:
 Another kind of information which helped
Cannizzaro was Dulong-Petits law, which was
useful for solids. It stated that the gram atomic
heat capacity is constant. That is, the specific
heat (heat required to warm a substance by one
degree) is inversely to the atomic weight.
sp. heat at. wt. sp. ht. x at. wt. sp. heat at. wt. sp. ht. x at. wt.
(O=1) (O=1)
Bi 0.0288 13.30 0.3830 Te 0.0912 4.03 0.3675
Pb 0.0293 12.95 0.3794 Cu 0.0949 3.957 0.3755
Au 0.0298 12.43 0.3704 Ni 0.1035 3.69 0.3819
Pt 0.0314 11.16 0.3740 Fe 0.1100 3.392 0.3731
Sn 0.0514 7.35 0.3779 Co 0.1498 2.46 0.3685
Ag 0.0557 6.75 0.3759 S 0.1880 2.011 0.3780
Zn 0.0927 4.03 0.3736
 The Cannizzaro Principle

The atomic weight of an element is the least weight of it

contained in a (volatile) molecule.

Hydrogen, the lightest gas, is chosen as the standard,

and the atomic weight of hydrogen is set at 1.
Since the molecule of hydrogen weighs twice as much as the
least amount in various compounds (e.g., HCl), then the
molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms, and its chemical
formula may be set as H2. Since two volumes of hydrogen
react with one volume of oxygen to give two volumes of
water, then it may be unequivocally concluded that

2H2 + O2 2H2O
The two future discoverers of the Periodic Table, after reading
Cannizzaros Pamphlet at the Chemical Congress, stated:

I well remember how great was the difference

of opinion, and how a compromise was advocated
with great acumen by many scientific men. . . .
In the spirit of freedom. . . A compromise was
not arrived at, nor ought it to have been,
but instead the truth. . . [which] soon afterwards
convinced all minds. Dmitri Mendeleev

. . . The scales fell from my eyes, doubts

vanished, and a feeling of calm certainty
came in their place. Lothar Meyer
The Discovery of the Modern Periodic Table

Lothar Meyer Dimitri Mendeleev

Two scientists independently discovered

the modern Periodic Table in 1869.
Dimitri Mendelev
St. Petersburg,
Russia

Mendelev on his desk played and arranged pieces of paper,

listing elements with their respective atomic weights,
trying to find some order.
 Mendeleevs First Table March, 1869
Ti 50 Zr 90 ?100
V 51 Nb 94 Ta 182
Cr 52 Mo 96 W 186
Mn 55 Rh 104.4 Pt 197.4
Fe 56 Ru 104.4 Ir 198
Ni=Co 59 Pd 106.6 Os 199
H1 Cu 63.4 Ag 108 Hg 200
Be 9.4 Mg 24 Zn 65.2 Cd 112
B 11 Al 27.4 ? 68 U 116 Au 197?
C 12 Si 28 ? 70 Sn 118
N 14 P 31 As 75 Sb 122 Bi 210?
O 16 S 32 Se 79.4 Te 128?
F 19 Cl 35.5 Br 80 I 127
Li 7 Na 23 K 39 Rb 85.4 Cs 133 Tl 204
Ca 40 Sr 87.6 Ba 137 Pb 207
? 45 Ce 92
Er? 56 La 94
Yt? 60 Di 95
In 75.6? Th 118?
 Mendeleev made 8 statements about his
Table in his first publication

1. When arranged by atomic weight, the elements show a

periodicity of properties.
2. Similar elements have atomic weights which are either very
similar (platinum, iridium, osmium) or which increase regularly
(potassium, rubidium, cesium).
3. The arrangement of the elements correspond to their valences.
4. Elements which are most common have small atomic weights.
5. The atomic weight can determine the character of an element.
6. More elements will be discovered.
7. The atomic weight of an element may be corrected by
comparison with adjacent elements.
8. Some properties of unknown elements can be predicted from
their atomic weights.
 Lothar Meyers Table December, 1869

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

B 11 Al 27.3 ? In 113.4 Tl 202.7
C 11.97 Si 28 Sn 117.8 Pb 206.4
Ti 48 Zr 89.7
N 14.01 P 30.9 As 74.9 Sb 122.1 Bi 207.5
V 51.2 Nb 93.7 Ta 182.2
O 15.96 S 31.98 Se 78.0 Te 128?
Cr 52.4 Mo 95.6 W 183.5
F 19.1 Cl 35.38 Br 79.75 I 126.5
Mn 54.8 Ru 103.5 Os 198.6?
Fe 55.9 Rh 104.1 Ir 196.7
Co&Ni 58.6 Pd 106.2 Pt 196.7
Li 7.01 Na 22.99 K 39.04 Rb 85.2 Cs 132.7
Cu 63.3 Ag 107.66 Au 196.2
?Be 9.7 Mg 23.9 Ca39.9 Sr 87.0 Ba 136.8
Zn 64.9 Cd 111.6 Hg 199.8
Atomic volume Lothar Meyers plot

Atomic weight

Lothar Meyers plot shows definite spikes in an ascending cyclic

pattern that suggests an internal structure. The intriguing
question of atomic structure had to wait for another half century,
until spectroscopists and theoreticians could attack the problem.
 Differences between Mendeleev and Meyer
1. Mendeleev did not concern himself with why the table worked.
He just boldly proclaimed that the trends were real, and that
in fact the properties of unknown elements could be predicted!
2. Meyer was not so daring about the predictive power of the
table. He was very curious, however, with the reasons for the
trends, which he thought reflected some internal structure.
3. Mendeleev thought the elements were primordial matter.
4. Meyer thought there must be yet smaller particles.
5. Mendeleev continued to work on his table, which very
quickly was successful in predicting specific elements
and he became famous.
6. It took scientists many decades understand exactly how
Meyers plot described an inner structure of the atom, and
his work was eclipsed by these scientists who discovered this
structure of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(Mendeleff, 1871)

Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7
8
RO4
eka-boron
RH4 RH3 RH2 RH

1 H
1

eka-aluminum
Li Be B C N O F
2
7 9.4 11 12 14 16 19
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
eka-silicon
3
23 24 27. 28 31 32 35.
3) Ti V Cr
K Ca "eka- 5) Fe Co Ni
Mn
4 B"
39 40 44? 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 Predicted!
Cu Zn "eka- "eka- As Se Br
5 Al" Si"
63 65 68? 72?
75 78 80
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
6
85 87 88 90 94 96 100 104 104 106
Correct
Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te ?)
?
I ) ) )
7
108 112 113 118 122 125 127
value?
??
) Ba
Cs ) Di) Ce) ) ) )
8
133 137 138 140
) ) ) )
9

10
)
??
Er La Ta W
178 180 182 184
) ) )
Os Ir Pt
195 197 198
) ) )
Misfits?
11 Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
199 200 204 207 208

? ?
) ) ) Th ) ) U
12
231 240
) )
Mendeleff assumed: oxide of Be = BeO
oxide of In = In2O3
oxide of U = UO3
 How Mendeleev predicted unknown elements

Mendeleev simply followed the trends of the table to interpolate

the properties of three new elements, which he called eka-boron,
eka-aluminum, and eka-silicon. He predicted the atomic
weights would be 44, 68, and 72, respectively, and he predicted
the chemical properties and physical properties of each of these
elements.

His paper didnt get much attention until. . . .

Eka-B Eka-Al Eka-Si

44 68 72
Boisbaudran discovers eka-aluminum

Predicted Found
at. wt. = 68 at. wt. = 69.9
sp. gr. = 5.9 sp. gr. = 5.94
low m.p. m.p. = 30
Oxide Ea2O3 Oxide Ga2O3
soluble in acids soluble in acids
and bases and bases

Lecoq
de Boisbaudran,
Cognac, France
Gallium - discovered 1875
 Nilson discovers eka-boron

Predicted Found
at. wt. = 44 at. wt. = 44
Oxide Eb2O3 Oxide Sc2O3
with sp. gr. = with sp.gr. =
3.5, not soluble 3.86, not soluble
in alkalies in alkalies

Lars Fredrik Nilson,

Uppsala, Sweden
Scandium - discovered 1879
 Winkler discovers eka-silicon

Predicted Found
at. wt. = 72 at. wt. = 72.3
Oxide EsO2 Oxide GeO2
with sp. gr. = with sp. gr. =
4.7 4.70
Volatile chloride GeCl4 with
EsCl4 b.p. = 86

Clemens Winkler,
Freiberg, Germany
Germanium - discovered 1886
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(Mendeleff, 1891)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7
H
1
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
39 40 44 48 51 52 55 56 58. 59 63 65 70 72 75 79 80
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo 5) Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
Ru Rh
85 87 89 90 94 96 103 104 106 108 112 113 118 120 125 127
Cs Ba La Ce ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
133 137 138 140
) ) Yb) ) Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 182 184 191 193 196 198 200 294 206 208
) Th ) )
U ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
232 240
) )
Also known in 1891: Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy
Difficulties include: Brauner found Te = 127.6 1889
 A new family of elements?!

Sir William Ramsey New gas

University College isolated from
(London) the atmosphere!
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1894)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7
H
1
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

A Also
newknown
column is needed for the new element!
in 1894: Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1895)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7
H He
1 4
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

AnotherAlso
gasknown
discovered! (was
in 1895: Er, originally
Tb, Ho, seen
Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, in
Nd,the
Dy sun)
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1898)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7
H He
1 4
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

Twoin more
Also known gases
1898: Er, discovered!
Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1898)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7
H He
1 4
Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

Another gas
Also discovered
known ! (Table
in 1898: Er, needs
Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, to
Gd,be
Pr,restacked)
Nd, Dy
Mendeleff's Last Periodic Table
(1902)

Ro 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
R R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4
w
1 H
1.008

2 He Li Be B C N O F
4.0 7.03 9.1 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0
4 0
3 Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
19.9 23.0 24.3 27.0 28.4 31.0 32.0 35.4
5 6 5
4 Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
38 39.1 40.1 44.1 48.1 51.4 52.1 55.0 55.9 59 59
5 Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
63.6 65.4 70 72.3 75 79 79.9
5
6 Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
81.8 85.4 87.6 89.0 90.6 94.0 96.0 101.7 103.0 106.5

7 Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
107.9 112.4 114.0 119.0 120.0 127 127

8 Xe Cs Ba La Ce
128 132.9 137.4 139 140
9

10 Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt
173 183 184 191 193 194.9
11 Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
197.2 200.0 204.1 206.9 208

12 Ra Th U
224 232 239

Not included:
Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy, Eu, Po, Ac, Rn
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(Brauner, 1902)

Row 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
R R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4
RH4 RH3 RH2 RH
1 H
1
Brauner
2 He Li Be B C N O F
4 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
attempted to
3 Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
20 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5
find order in
4 Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
40 39 40 44 48 51 52 55 56 59 59
the higher
5 Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
63 65 70 72 75 78 80
elements
Bohuslav Brauner 6 Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
82 85 87 89 90 94 96 100 102 103 106
Prague, Bohemia 7 Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
108 112 114 119 120 128 127
8 Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd
Predicted?!
128 133 137 139 140 141 144145
Sm Eu
147 148 151152
Gd
155 156159160
Tb Ho Er
Bauner
163 165 166167
Tm Yb
predicted 98
171 173176
Ta W Os Ir Pt
elements
9
178 182 184190 191 193 195
Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
through
10
197 200 204 207 209212214
Ra Th U
uranium
218220 225230 233235 239

Not included: Dy, Po, Ac, Rn

 A further complication Rutherford
discovers the transmutation of elements

In 1902-1905 Ernest Rutherford discovered that

radium decays through a series of steps, leading
apparently to a new group of elements:
Ra
Rn Ra-A Ra-B Ra-C
 A glut of new elements?!

Rutherfords finding led to the discoveries by other

invesigators of a plethora of new elements in other decay
schemes during the first decade of 1900. These elements
included: ionium, brevium, actinouranium,
radiothorium, niton, actinon, thorium-X,
uranium-X, and dozens more.
The confusing feature of all these newly discovered
elements was that in many instances some of them had
very similar, and perhaps identical, chemical properties
even though they had different half-lives.
 Soddy solves the problem

In 1913 Soddy conceived the idea of an isotope. Isotopes (from

Greek isos meaning same, and topos meaning place) are
in the same place in the Periodic Table and yet have different
nuclear properties. Thus, for example, the brevium of Fajans,
the ekatantalum of Soddy, and the protactinium of Hahn and
Meitner all belong in the same slot in the Periodic Table they
are isotopes of the same element (protactinium).
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1907)
1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rare earths
Cs Ba Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po Rn
Ac Th U

Rare earths: La, Ce, Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Yb, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy, Eu, Lu

This was the best guess by 1907 but it was still not
known how many elements actually existed. . . . until. . . . .
 Moseley 1912 Henry Moseley

Oxford, England

= N -1
3
0
4
Where N = atomic number
of element
v = 1/ = wavenumber of K
X-ray line
v0 = Rydberg constant
 From Moseleys work, scientists now knew that
there were exactly 92 elements ranging from
hydrogen to uranium.

Moseley predicted the following

elements were yet to be discovered:

43, 61, 75, 85, 87

And using quantum theory, Bohr was ready to

propose the modern form of the Periodic Table. . . .
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1925)
1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
H Niels Bohr He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Copenhagen, Denmark
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po Rn
Ra Ac Th Pa U

* Rare earths Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Bohr explained behavior of transition elements and rare-earth elements in 1922.
Hafnium was discovered in zirconium ore after Bohr's suggestion that the missing
element would behave more like zirconium than like a rare earth element.
Rhenium was discovered from platinum ores.
"Masurium" (eka-manganese) was announced but later discredited.
"Illinium" (the missing rare earth) was announced but later discredited.
 Glenn Seaborg
Berkeley, California
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1940)
1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg 1937 Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac* Only one left to be discovered! 1940
*
1939 * Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

* * Actinides Th Pa U

Seaborg suggested transuranium elements were a new series, akin to the rare earths.
Seaborg recommended the names "lanthanides" and "actinides" for these series.
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1948)
1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac*
*
* Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

* * Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am

Promethium was discovered in an atomic pile

in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (1945)
And the transuranium elements were
discovered by Seaborg and others. . . .
Today. . . .
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