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OXIDE
Shakti bhardwaj
Contents
Introduction
Uses
Structure
properties
methods of production
Process Flowsheet
Energy Balance
Equipment Design
Cost Estimation
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
ETHYLENE OXIDE, ALSO CALLEDOXIRANE, IS THE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDWITH THEFORMULAC2H4O.
IT IS A CYCLIC ETHER.
IT IS A COLORLESS FLAMMABLE GAS WITH A
FAINTLY SWEET ODOR
IT IS A THREE-MEMBERED RING CONSISTING OF
TWO CARBON AND ONE OXYGEN ATOM.
BECAUSE OF ITS SPECIAL MOLECULAR STRUCTURE,
ETHYLENE OXIDE EASILY PARTICIPATES IN THE
ADDITION REACTION, OPENING ITS CYCLE, AND
THUS EASILYPOLYMERIZES.
ETHYLENE OXIDE ISISOMERIC WITH
ACETALDEHYDE.
TODAY ABOUT 9.6 X 106 TONES OF ETHYLENE
OXIDE ARE PRODUCED EACH YEAR WORLDWIDE.
Uses of ethylene oxide
F= D + W
290.78 = 94.65+ W
Therefore, Residue W= 196.66 Kg moles.
Component material balance: F*xF = D*xD + W* xW
290.78* 0.33 = 94.65* 0.99 + 196.06* xW
Therefore, Xw = 0.012
Feed temperature = 35C
Molecular weight of Distillate, MD= 0.99*44 + 0.012*
18= 43.74
Molecular weight of Residue, Mw = 0.012*44 + 0.988*
From the T-x-y diagram Dew point = 93C Bubble
point = 55C
At 55C,
93C, the specific
latent heat
heatofvalues
evaporation of EO
of EO and and are;
water water
are; KJ/Kg K and 4.18 KJ/Kg K respectively.
2.17
461.45 KJ/KgK
Average and
CpL value of2154.79 KJ/Kg
the liquid K respectively.
= (2.17 + 4.18)/2= 3.175
KJ/Kg K
Enthalpy of liquid = HL = Cpl* MF * (TL TF) = 1687.83
KJ/K mole.
Enthalpy of vapour =
HG = yEO * MEO{CpEO X*(TG -TF) + EO} +
yH2O * MH2O{CpH2O * ( TG- TF) +H2O}
= 37438.09 KJ/ Kg mole.
The designe is considered at the temperature of the
Feed. HF = 0
(q) = HG HF/ HG HL = 37538.09 0/ 37538.09
1687.83 = 1.05
Slope of the q-line is q/ q-1= 21
The feed is sub-cooled.
From the equilibrium curve;
Intercept of the q-line = xD/Rm+1 = 0.88
Actual reflux ratio is 1.5 times the minimum reflux ratio
R =1.5 X 0.125=0.25
Intercept of the original q-line = 0.792
From the equilibrium curve; the total number of
theoretical trays in the distillation column = 6
(including reboiler)
Enriching section ,No. of trays = 2
Stripping section No. of trays = 3
(L/G)*(L/G) = 0.06
Unf = Csbf (/20)0.2 (L- G/G)0.5
Unf = vapour velocity through net area at
flood, m/s.
Csb f = capacity parameter = 0.28
() = Liquid surface tension= 37.3
dynes/cm
Therefore, Unf = 2.7 m/s
c d
12% of Ac.
An = 1/ 2.7 = 0.37 m2
Ac = /4 X Dc2
Dc = 0.59 = 0.75 m. (Rounded for a standard value)
Ad = 0.12 X 0.4418 = 0.053m2
Active area Aa = Ac 2 X Ad = 0.3358 m2
Perforated area (Ap)
Weir length = 0.75 X Dc= 0.55 m; (0.6 m, approx. to
standard value)
Weir height, Lw = 50 mm
c = 2 sin-1 (Lw/Dc) = 106.26 ()= 180 - = 73.74
Area of coming zone, Acz = 2 X [0.6 X 50 X 10-3] = 0.06 m
Area of periphery waste,
Awz = 2{[/4 Dc2 /360]-[/4(Dc2 -0.12) /360]} = 0.004 m
Ap = Ac- 2 Ad Acz Awz = 0.2718 m2
Ah/Ap = 0.1
Ah = 0.2718 X 0.1 = 0.02718 m2
Column efficiency
The efficiency calculations are based on the average
conditions properties in each section.
Enriching section:
Average viscosity of the liquid is calculated by using
Kendall- Munroe equation.
m 1/3 = x1 11/3+x2 2 1/3
1 = viscosity of EO = 0.25 cp.
2 = viscosity of water = 0.857 cp
x1 & x2 are the corresponding mole fractions.
m = 0.41 cp.
Vapour phase viscosity m= yi Mi i1/2/ yi Mi1/2 =
0.0093 cp.
Liquid phase diffusivity, Wilke- Chang equation is used.