Thermodynamics :

Temperature, Heat
Transfer, and First Law of
Thermodynamics,
Yohanes Edi Gunanto
Dept. of Math. Educ.
UPH
Temperature
Apakah Suhu = Panas ?
Apa yang dimaksud dengan Suhu ?

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Panas ?

Apa yang terjadi ketika benda padat,
cair dan gas menerima panas ?
Ketika menerima panas,
molekul-molekul bergerak
makin lama makin cepat !

Inilah yang disebut dengan

pemuaian

Jadi apakah pemuaian itu ?

Mengapa termometer dapat
digunakan untuk mengetahui
panas suatu benda ?
Bandingkan skala-skala termometer
di bawah ini
Thermal Expansion, Linear Expansion

If the temperature of a metal rod of length L is raised by an amount T, its length

is found to increase by an amount

in which is a constant called the coefficient of linear expansion.

 Thermal Expansion, Volume Expansion

If all dimensions of a solid expand with

temperature, the volume of that solid must also
expand. For liquids, volume expansion is the
only meaningful expansion parameter.

If the temperature of a solid or liquid whose

volume is V is increased by an amount T, the
increase in volume is found to be

where is the coefficient of volume

expansion of the solid or liquid. The
coefficients of volume expansion and linear
expansion for a solid are related by
The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids

The heat capacity C of an object is the proportionality

constant between the heat Q that the object absorbs or
loses and the resulting temperature change T of the object

in which Ti and Tf are the initial and final temperatures of

the object.

Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or

energy per kelvin.
The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids:
Specific Heat

The specific heat, c, is the heat

capacity per unit mass

It refers not to an object but to a

unit mass of the material of which
the object is made.

When quantities are expressed in

moles, specific heats must also
involve
moles (rather than a mass unit);
they are then called molar specific
heats.
The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids:
Heat of Transformation
The amount of energy per unit mass that must be transferred as heat when a sample
completely undergoes a phase change is called the heat of transformation L.
When a sample of mass m completely undergoes a phase change, the total energy
transferred is:

When the phase change is between When the phase change is between
liquid to gas, the heat of solid to liquid, the heat of
transformation is called the heat of transformation is called the heat of
vaporization LV. fusion LF.
Latihan
Bagaimana cara panas
berpindah?
Panas berpindah dari benda bersuhu
panas ke benda bersuhu dingin
Panas berpindah dengan cara
konveksi, konduksi dan radiasi
Konduksi
Perpindahan panas tanpa
memindahkan penghantarnya
Konduksi
Konveksi
Perpindahan panas dengan
memindahkan perantaranya
Radiasi
Perpindahan panas tanpa
memerlukan perantara

If an object is at a temperature T and

its surroundings are at an average
temperature T0, then the net rate of
energy gained or lost by the object as
a result of radiation is
THERMODYNAMICS
BASICS
Zeroth Law

A B C

If A and B and B and C are in

thermal equil, then A and C are
in thermal equil. [ie. At same T]
Work in Thermodynamic
Processes
Work is done on a gas
contained in a
cylinder at a pressure
P as the piston is
pushed downward so
that the gas is
Now let us assume that we
compressed.
push the piston inward and
compress the gas quasi-
statically, that is, slowly enough
to allow the system to remain
essentially in thermal
equilibrium at all times.
 As the piston is pushed downward by
an external force through a
displacement of

The work done on the gas is :

Latihan
First Law of
Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy for
Thermal Systems
Joule Equivalent of Heat
James Joule showed that mechanical
energy could be converted to heat
and arrived at the conclusion that
heat was another form of energy.
He showed that 1 calorie of heat was
equivalent to 4.184 J of work.

1 cal = 4.184 J
Energy
Mechanical Energy: KE, PE, E
Work is done by energy transfer.
Heat is another form of energy.

Need to expand the conservation of

energy principle to accommodate
thermal systems.
1 Law of Thermodynamics
st

Consider an
example
system of a
piston and
cylinder with
an enclosed
dilute gas
characterized
by P,V,T & n.
 1 Law of Thermodynamics
st

What happens to
the gas if the
piston is moved
inwards ?
 1 Law of Thermodynamics
st

If the container is
insulated the
temperature will
rise, the atoms
move faster and
the pressure rises.
Is there more
internal energy in
the gas?
 1 Law of Thermodynamics
st

External agent
did work in
pushing the
piston inward. x
W = Fd
=(PA)x
W =PV
 1 Law of Thermodynamics
st

Work done on
the gas equals
the change in the
gases internal x
energy,
W = U
1 Law of TD
st

Lets change the

situation:
Keep the piston
fixed at its
original location.
Place the cylinder
on a hot plate.
What happens to
gas?
Heat flows into the gas.
Atoms move faster,
internal energy
increases.
Q = heat in Joules
U = change in internal
energy in Joules.

Q = U
1 Law of TD
st

F
What if we
added heat
and pushed
the piston in
at the same
time?
1 Law of TD
st

Work is done on
the gas, heat is
added to the gas F
and the internal
energy of the gas
increases!

Q=W+
U
1 Law of TD
st

Some conventions:
For the gases perspective:
heat added is positive, heat removed
is negative.
Work done on the gas is positive,
work done by the gas is negative.
Temperature increase means internal
energy change is positive.
 First Law of
Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or

destroyed. It can only be changed
from one form into another.

Rudolf Clausius 1850

 First Law of
Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy
Says Nothing About Direction of
Energy Transfer
1 Law of TD
st

Example: 25 L of gas is enclosed in a

cylinder/piston apparatus at 2 atm of
pressure and 300 K. If 100 kg of
mass is placed on the piston causing
the gas to compress to 20 L at
constant pressure. This is done by
allowing heat to flow out of the gas.
What is the work done on the gas?
What is the change in internal energy
of the gas? How much heat flowed
out of the gas?
 Po = 202,600 Pa, Vo = 0.025 m3, To =
300 K, Pf = 202,600 Pa, Vf=0.020 m3,
Tf=
n = PV/RT.
W = -PV
U = 3/2 nRT
Q = W + U
W =-PV = -202,600 Pa (0.020
0.025)m3
=1013 J energy added to the gas.
U =3/2 nRT=1.5(2.03)(8.31)(-60)=-
Quasistatic Processes in an Ideal Gas

isochoric ( V = const )
P
2 W12 0
3
PV= NkBT2 Q12 Nk B T2 T1 0 CV T
1 PV= NkBT1 2
(see the last slide)
V1,2 V dU Q12
isobaric ( P = const )
P 2
W12 P(V , T )dV PV2 V1 0
2 1
1 PV= NkBT2 5
PV= NkBT1 Q12 Nk B T2 T1 0 CP T
2
V1 V2 V
dU W12 Q12
 Isothermal Process in an Ideal Gas

P isothermal ( T = const ) :

PV= NkBT
dU 0
W V2 V2
dV V
V2 V1 W12 P(V , T )dV Nk BT Nk BT ln 2
V V V1
V1 V1

V Q12 W12
Wi f Nk BT ln i
Vf
Wi-f > 0 if Vi >Vf (compression)
Wi-f < 0 if Vi <Vf (expansion)
 Adiabatic Process in an Ideal Gas
adiabatic (thermally isolated system) Q12 0 dU W12
The amount of work needed to change the state of a thermally isolated system
depends only on the initial and final states and not on the intermediate states.
V2

W12 P(V , T )dV

P V1
2
to calculate W1-2 , we need to know P (V,T)
for an adiabatic process
PV= NkBT2
1 f f
PV= NkBT1 U Nk BT dU Nk B dT PdV
2 2
V2 V1 V ( f the # of unfrozen degrees of freedom )

2
PV Nk BT PdV VdP Nk B dT PdV VdP PdV PV
f
V P
dV 2 dP 2 Adiabatic dV dP
1 0 , 1 0
V f P f exponent V1
V P1
P

V P1
ln ln PV P1V1 const
V1 P
Adiabatic Process in an Ideal Gas (cont.)

P PV P1V1 const
2
An adiabata is steeper than an isotherma:
PV= NkBT2 in an adiabatic process, the work flowing out
1 of the gas comes at the expense of its
PV= NkBT1
thermal energy its temperature will
V2 V1 V decrease.
V2 V2 V2
PV 1
W12 P(V , T )dV dV PV
1 1
1 1

V 1
V1 V1
V 1 V1

1 1 1
PV
1 1 1 1
1 V2 V1
1+2/31.67 (monatomic), 1+2/5 =1.4 (diatomic), 1+2/6 1.33 (polyatomic)
(again, neglecting the vibrational degrees of freedom)
f f
Prove W12 PV Nk B T U
2 2
 Summary of quasi-static processes of ideal gas
U U f U i

Quasi-Static Ideal gas

U Q W
process law
isobaric f f
U Nk B T PV
f 2
PV Vi V f
P V
(P=0) 2 2 2 Ti T f
isochoric f f f Pi Pf
U Nk B T P V P V 0
(V=0) 2 2 2 Ti T f

isothermal Vf
0 W Nk B T ln i i Pf V f
PV
(T=0) Vi

adiabatic f f
U Nk B T PV PV
i i Pf V f
0 U
(Q=0) 2 2
Latihan :
TUHAN MEMBERKATI