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Age 2 7
Language develops w ability to think
Child mainly egocentric seeing the world from
his or her own point of view
Egocentrism consistent with a belief called
animism, that all things are living just like him/
her & the belief called artificialism, that all
objects are made by ppl
Child uses trial and error to figure out how things
work
JEAN PIAGETS THEORY OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT CONCRETE
OPERATIONAL (THIRD) STAGE
Ages 7 12
Develop simple logic & master conservation concepts, that
changes in the form of an object do not alter physical
properties of mass, volume, and number
Ex. 12 ounces of juice in a tall, thin glass isn't more than
12 ounces of juice in a short, fat glass
Child can now logically classify objects into categories
mentally
Ex. 3 + 4 = 4 + 3
JEAN PIAGETS THEORY OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT FORMAL OPERATIONAL
(FOURTH) STAGE
According to Piaget, after age 12 children
reason like adults
Youngsters can think abstractly and
hypothetically
Tests can involve abstract questions, such as
truth and justice
VYGOTSKYS SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget emphasized maturation (nature) and
development in stages (discontinuity), Vygotsky
emphasized role of environment (nurture) & gradual
growth (continuity)
Internalization absorbing info from a specified social
environmental context
Children learn from observing interactions of others &
through their own interactions within the enviro
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) - range b/w level
at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance
of adults or more skilled children.
working close to the upper limit of a childs capability,
the instructor and child work closely together to reach
KOHLBERGS THEORY OF
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Preconventional level of morality usually during preoperational
stage (age 2 -7). They do the right thing to avoid punishment
(Stage 1), or to further their self- interests (stage 2)
Conventional level of morality usually during concrete operational
stage (ages 7-12). People follow rules to live up to the expectations
of others, good boy/ nice girl (stage 3), or to maintain law and
order and do their duty (stage 4). Most teens and adults think
morally at the conventional level
Postconventional level of morality usually during formal
operational stage of cog development (after age 12. People
evidence a social contract orientation that promotes the societys
welfare (Stage 5), or evidence an ethical principle orientation that
promotes justice and avoids self- condemnation (stage 6).
ATTACHMENT
As the mother bonds with the infant, through frequent interactions, the
infant gradually forms a close emotional relationship with the mother/
caregivers = attachment
Developmental psychologists thought that babies became attached to
the caregiver who fed them. Harry Harlows experiment w monkeys
disproved that belief when he found:
Baby monkeys separated from their mothers preferred to spend time
with and sought comfort from a soft cloth- covered substitute rather than
a bare wire substitute with a feeding bottle
Recent research reveals that human infants become attached to familiar
caregivers, usually parents, who not only provides them with
nourishment, but also a soft, warm, reassuring enviro where the baby
feels safe and secure.
PARENTING STYLES - DIANA BAUMRIND STUDIED HOW PARENTING STYLES AFFECT THE EMOTIONAL
GROWTH OF CHILDREN
Tan lost his capacity to speak, but his mouth & vocal cords
werent damaged and he could still understand language
His brain showed deterioration of frontal lobe of left cerebral
hemisphere = Brocas area (this connected destruction of the
part of the left frontal lobe)
Brocas area = loss of ability to speak, known as
expressive aphasia
Carl Wenicke found another brain area involved in
understanding language in left termporal lobe. Destruction of
Wernickes area = loss of the ability to comprehend written &
spoken language, known as receptive aphasia
NEUROSCIENTISTS CAN NOW LOOK INSIDE
THE BRAIN WITHOUT SURGERY
Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT): a computerized
image using rays passed through various angles of the brain
showing 2D slices that can be arranged to show the extent of an
injury
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): a magnetic field and pulses of
radio waves cause emission of faint radio frequency signals that
depend upon the density of the tissue. The comp constructs imagesCT Scan:
based on varying signals that are more detailed than CT scans.
*Both CT and MrIs show the structure of the brain, but both dont
show brain functioning
M E AS U R IN G B RA IN FUN C TI ON