COEN 3374

Module 1
OPERATING SYSTEMS:
INTRODUCTION
Part 1
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 What is an
Operating System?
It is a program (software)
that acts as an intermediary
(interface) between a user of
a computer and the
computer hardware.
Processors
Main memory
Disks Operating System
Printers
Display
Keyboards
Network
interfaces
Other I/0 devices

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 What is an
Operating System?
Banking system
It provides an Airline reservation

environment in Application Programs

which a user Compilers
Editors System Programs
may execute DBMS
programs
UNIX Operating System
LINUX
WINDOWS

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Computer System
Components

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Abstract View of Computer System
Components

provides
providesbasic
basiccomputing
computing
resources
resources(CPU,
(CPU,
memory,
memory,I/O
I/Odevices).
devices).

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Abstract View of Computer System
Components

Acts
Actsas
asananintermediary:
intermediary:
controls
controlsand
andcoordinates
coordinates
the
theuse
useofofthe
thehardware
hardware
among
amongthethevarious
various
application
applicationprograms
programsfor
for
the
thevarious
varioususers.
users.
Examples:
Examples:UNIX,
UNIX,LINUX,
LINUX,
WINDOWS,
WINDOWS,MS-DOS MS-DOS
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Abstract View of Computer System
Components

define
definethe
theways
waysininwhich
which
the
thesystem
systemresources
resourcesare
are
used
usedtotosolve
solvethe
the
computing
computingproblems
problemsof of
the
theusers
users(compilers,
(compilers,
database
databasesystems,
systems,video
video
games,
games,business
business
programs).
programs).

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Abstract View of Computer System
Components

people,
people,machines,
machines,other
other
computers
computers

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Computer System
1.
Components
Hardware provides basic computing
resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system controls and coordinates
the use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs define the ways in
which the system resources are used to solve
the computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business
programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers) .

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Operating System goals:
1.To provide a convenient
environment
Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier (by hiding the messy details which must be
performed)
Make the computer system convenient to use (by
presenting the user with a virtual machine, easier to use)

2.To use the computer hardware in

an efficient manner (ensuring good
performance).

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Operating System
Views/Perspectives
Resource allocator manages and allocates
resources.
Each program gets time with the resource
Each program gets space on the resource

Control program controls the execution of

user programs and operations of I/O devices.
(to prevent errors and improper use of the computer)

Kernel the one program running at all times

(all else being application programs).

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Growth of Mainframe Systems
Batch systems

Multiprogrammed systems

Time-sharing systems

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Early Computers

First computers were used to tackle commercial and scientific

applications
Physically enormous machines run from a console
Input devices: card readers, tape drives
Output devices: card punch, tape drives, line printers

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Running a job in early
MainframesAfter the job is completed,

Write a program in a paper operator gets the output and
Punch program on cards gives it to the programmer
Bring the card deck to the operator The operator takes in another job
Card deck is read into the CPU
(through a card reader)

CPU

Card Computer executes the job

Line Printer
Output is produced through
Reader
a line printer (or tape, or
card punch)

Much
Muchcomputer
computertime
time
was
waswasted
wasted
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 Batch Systems
First rudimentary operating Memory Layout for a
system. Simple Batch System
Reduce setup time by batching
similar jobs (that is jobs with
common needs are batched)
machine runs only one
application
Automatic job sequencing
automatically transfers control CPU
CPUisisoften
oftenidle
idle
from one job to another.
Resident monitor
initial control in monitor
control transfers to job
when job completes control transfers back to monitor

One
Onejob
jobat
ataatime
time
in
inthe
thememory
memory

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Early batch system
a.
a.Programmer
Programmer c.c.Operator
Operator e.
e.Operator
Operator
bring
bringcards
cardsto
to carries
carriesinput
input carries
carriesoutput
output
1401
1401 tape to 7094
tape to 7094 tape to 1401
tape to 1401

d. f.f.1401
1401 prints
d.7094
7094does
does output
prints
b.
b.1401
1401reads
reads the computing
the computing output
batch of jobs
batch of jobs
onto
ontotape
tape
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 Structure of a typical FMS
job 2 generation
nd

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Multiprogrammed Batch
Systems Memory Layout
0
To ensure that the CPU is not Operating System
kept idle:
Several jobs are kept in main
memory at the same time; Job 1
and
The CPU is multiplexed Job 2
(partitioned) among them.
Job 3
512k

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 What is Multiprogramming?

In multiprogramming operating
systems, some commands are
executed from one program, then
that program is suspended, and
then some commands are
executed from the next program,
and so on.

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Multiprogrammi
ngA A
Allows the CPU to
process multiple
programs
B B
While one program (job)
is waiting for an I/O
operation to complete,
the CPU is switched to
execute another program
rather than remaining t1 t2
idle during I/O time. Various
Variousresources
resourceswere
were
A program is resumed at used
usedeffectively,
effectively,but
but did
did
the point where it was not
suspended when it gets notprovide
providefor
foruser
user
interaction
interactionwith
withthe
the
its turn to use the CPU
again. computer
computer system
system

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 OS Features Needed for
Multiprogramming
Job scheduling - the system must
choose among several jobs to be
brought into memory
Memory management the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.
CPU scheduling the system must
choose among several jobs ready to run.
Allocation of devices.

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Time-Sharing SystemsInteractive
Allow many users to share one machine
Computing
simultaneously
The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that
are kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is
allocated to a job only if the job is in memory).
A job is swapped in and out of memory to the
disk.
On-line communication between the user and
the system is provided; when the operating
system finishes the execution of one command,
it seeks the next control statement from the
users keyboard.
On-line system must be available for users to
access data and code (instructions).
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 Mainframe Systems

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Chapter 1: Outline
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Desktop
Systems
Personal computers computer
system dedicated to a single
user.
I/O devices keyboards, mice,
display screens, small printers.
User convenience and
responsiveness.
Can adopt technology
developed for larger operating
system often individuals have
sole use of computer and do not
need advanced CPU utilization
of protection features.
May run several different types
of operating systems (Windows,
MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT