WORKING OF LCD

&
CONSTRUCTION
 WHAT IS LCD

A lcd stands for liquid crystal display.

It is combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid
It uses liquid crystal to produce a visible images
Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display screen .
These are generally used in laptop computer screens ,TVs, cell phones and
portable video games.
This technology allow displays to be much thinner when compared to cathode
ray tube (CRT) technology.
HOW LCD IS FORMED & COMPONENTS

It is composed of several layers which includes two polarized panel filters and
electrodes
Light is projected from a lens on a layer of liquid crystal.
It is either made up of an active matrix display or passive matrix display grid
Lcds used in smart phones uses active matrix display
Nowdays most of electronic devices used lcd
The unique feature of liquid has a advantages of having low power
consumption w.r.t LED or CRT
 CONSTRUCTION ON WHICH
LCD WORK
THE Basic structure of lcd should be controlled by changing the applied
current
We must use a polarized light
Liquid crystals should able be to control both of the operations to transmit or
can also able to change the polarized light
Here we have
 TYPES OF LCDS

Passive vs Active Matrix

Passive
Each pixel must retain its state without a steady
electric charge
Scanned one pixel at a time
Poor contrast, and very slow response times
Active
Electric charged is stored between refreshes
Scanned one row at a time
 PASSIVE MATRIX LCD DISPLAY

Usesa grid of vertical and horizontal conductors

comprised of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) to create an image
There is no switching device.
Pixelsare addressed one at a time by row and column
matrix
Only used in low-resolution displays (such as watch,
calculator)
Slow response time, poor contrast
 ACTIVE MATRIX LCD DISPLAY
An active-matrix display, or Thin Film Transistor (TFT), utilizes a silicon
backplane instead of the more basic Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) conductive
surface used on the passive LCD display.
This silicon backplane enables the creation of a transistor at each pixel
location, which holds the LCD charge in between row-addressing cycles.
This main charge-holding difference allows the active-matrix LCD to use a TN
LC fluid with active addressing which results in higher contrast .
It reduced response time, and better viewing angles.
Active-matrix displays are usually combined with a color filter to create a
full-color TFT cell.
PROBLEM DUE TO PASSIVE MATRIX

Crosstalk occur when neighboring pixel voltages affect

each other, reducing the gray scale, contrast, and viewing
angle.

Submarining occurs when slow-to-respond LC materials

cannot respond quickly enough and the picture can
disappear temporarily.

One Solution: placing a switch at each pixel, such as a

transistor or diode --> pixel matrix becomes active.
PROBLEM SOLVED BY THE ACTIVE MATRIX

Pixel isolation eliminates crosstalk

Isolation from the column line permits the
pixel capacitor to remain charged, so that
faster responding liquid crystals can be
used.
Due to switching action of transistors, only
the desired pixel receive a charge
,improving image quality over a passive
matrix.
 ADVANTAGES OF LCD
Produces very bright images due to high peak intensity. Very
Brightness
suitable for environments that are brightly lit .
Produce considerably lower electric, magnetic and
Emissions
electromagnetic fields than CRTs.
Geometric No geometric distortion at the native resolution. Minor
Distortion distortion can occur for other resolutions.
Energy efficient. Consume less than 1/3 the power of a
Power
comparable CRT. Consume less electricity than a CRT and
Consumption
produce little heat.
Physical Take up about 40% less desk space. LCDs are thin and
Aspects compact.
Screen Shape Completely flat screen.
At the native resolution, the image is perfectly sharp.
Sharpness Adjustments are required at all other resolutions which can
result in measurable degradation to the image.
 DISADVANTAGES OF LCD
Aspect Ratio The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed.
Not proficient at producing black and very dark grays. In a
Black-Level "standard" configuration, not appropriate for use in dimly
lit and dark conditions.
Contrast Lower contrast than CRTs due to a poor black-level.
Considerably more expensive purchase price than
Cost comparable CRTs . (Cheaper lifetime cost: lasts about
13,000 - 15,000 more hours than a typical CRT.)
Slow response times and scan rate conversion result in
Motion
severe motion artifacts and image degradation for moving
Artifacts
or rapidly changing images.
Works best at the native resolution. The native resolution
can not be changed. All other resolutions require adjusting
Resolution
procedures which can cause considerable deterioration of
the image.
Restricted viewing angles. Viewing angles affect the
Viewing Angle
brightness, contrast and colors shown. Wide angles can
lead to contrast and color reversal.