Endocrine System

Chapter 32
 Instructions for Learning
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Log in to your Learning Catalytics account.
The Endocrine System session should be
open and self-paced. The session will
close on 3/20 at 11:59pm.
Read through the slides and provide
answers to the LC questions by the
closing date.

2
 Learning Objectives
What role to endocrine regulators play in
the regulation of different biological
processes?
What are the distinguishing characteristics
of the different categories of hormones
and how do these characteristics influence
function?

3
 Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges

Anatomy is the study of the biological form of an

organism
Physiology is the study of the biological functions
an organism performs
Form and function are closely correlated

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Table 32.1-2

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 An Overview of Coordination and Control

In the endocrine system, signaling molecules

released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells
reach all locations in the body
In the nervous system, neurons transmit signals
along dedicated routes, connecting specific
locations in the body

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Figure 32.4
(a) Signaling by hormones (b) Signaling by neurons

STIMULUS STIMULUS

Endocrine
cell
Cell body
of neuron
Nerve Axon
impulse
Hormone

Signal Signal travels

travels to a specific
everywhere. location.

Blood
vessel Nerve
impulse

Axons

Response
Response

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 Signaling molecules sent out by the endocrine
system are called hormones
Hormones may have effects in a single location or
throughout the body
Only cells with receptors for a certain hormone can
respond to it
The endocrine system is well adapted for
coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire
body

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Figure 32.5
Thyroid gland Pineal gland Hypothalamus
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4 ) Melatonin
Calcitonin

Pituitary gland
Parathyroid glands Posterior pituitary
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Oxytocin
Vasopressin, also
Adrenal glands (atop kidneys) called antidiuretic
Adrenal medulla hormone (ADH )
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Anterior pituitary
Adrenal cortex Follicle-stimulating
Glucocorticoids
hormone (FSH)
Mineralocorticoids
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating
Ovaries (in females) hormone (TSH)
Estrogens Adrenocorticotropic
Progesterone hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin
Growth hormone (GH)
Testes (in males) Melanocyte-stimulating
Androgens hormone (MSH)

Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
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 Regulation of Endocrine Signaling

Stimuli that cause endocrine cells and glands to

release hormones are varied
Hormones can be released in response to organic
molecules, nervous system signals, or other
hormones
The hypothalamus, an almond-sized region of the
brain, controls most neuroendocrine signaling in
mammals

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 Regulation of a signaling process involves both
initiation and termination
While negative feedback dampens a stimulus,
positive feedback reinforces a stimulus to increase
the response

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Figure 32.6

Simple endocrine pathway Example: secretin signaling

STIMULUS Low pH in
duodenum

Endocrine S cells of duodenum

cell

Hormone Secretin ( )
Negative feedback

Circulation
via blood

Target Pancreatic cells

cells

RESPONSE Bicarbonate release

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Figure 32.7

Simple neuroendocrine pathway Example: oxytocin signaling

STIMULUS Suckling
Neurosecretory
cell
Hypothalamus

Posterior Hormone
pituitary
Positive feedback

Blood
vessel Oxytocin ( )

Circulation
throughout
body via
blood

Target Smooth muscle in

cells mammary glands

RESPONSE Milk release

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 Why Do We Care About Fat?
Leptin a peptide hormone made by
adipose cells

1. Increased calorie demand (MR)

2. Decreased ATP production efficiency
3. Appetite Suppression

What happens to leptin production when you

have a lot of fat cells? Few fat cells?
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 Why Do We Care About Fat?
Would you expect obese mice to have high
levels of leptin or low levels of leptin?

What would you expect to happen to an

obese mouse if injected with leptin?

Results: About half of obese mice show 30%

reduction in weight, other half had no
change in weight. 15
 O Mice vs. D Mice
Gene Leptin Levels Pre- Change in Weight after
Injection Injection
O-Mice Low 30% reduction
D-Mice High No change

Why might the response to leptin injections vary

in these mice??

Turns out, in obese humans, leptin to fat mass

concentrations are high.
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3 Classes of Hormones
1. Peptides and proteins
Glycoproteins
2. Amino acid derivatives
Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones
Melatonin
3. Steroids
Sex steroids
Corticosteroids
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Classes of Hormones
Hormones may be categorized as:
Lipophilic (nonpolar) fat-soluble
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
Travel on transport proteins in blood
Bind to intracellular receptors/can cross cell membrane
Tend to act over brief time period
Hydrophilic (polar) water-soluble
All other hormones
Freely soluble in blood
Bind to extracellular receptors
Tend to have much longer active period
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Hydrophilic Lipophilic 1. Hormones

secreted into
Transport proteins extracellular
Secretory fluid and
vesicles Hormones diffuse into
Hormones bloodstream.
1 1

Blood 2. Hormones
vessels distributed by
blood to all
cells. Diffuse
from blood to
extracellular
fluid.

Endocrine gland A Endocrine gland B

3. Nontarget
2 cells lack
receptors,
Extracellular Extracellular and cell
fluid fluid stimulation
does not
occur.
Nontarget Nontarget
cells cells
3 3
4. Target cells
possess
receptors,
and are
Membrane activated by
receptors hormones.

Activated 4 Activated 5. Unused,

4
deactivated
Target cell Nuclear hormones
Target cell receptor are removed
by the liver
5 19 and kidney.
The Thyroid Gland
In humans, the thyroid gland is shaped
like a bow tie, and lies just below the
Adams apple in the front of the neck
Secretes
Thyroid hormones
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin

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How Does Leptin Regulate MR?
Leptin binds to MC-4 Receptor of the
hypothalamus and produces
neurosecretions that bind to receptors on
the pituitary.
Pituitary then releases TSH
TSH binds to receptors on the Thyroid
gland to produce Thyroxine
Thyroxine increases thermogenesis/MR
Construct a feedback loop of this process and upload to LC
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 O Mice vs. D Mice
Gene Leptin Levels Pre- Change in Weight after
Injection Injection
O-Mice Low 30% reduction
D-Mice High No change

Using your feedback loop, indicate how this

pathway is disrupted in O-Mice and D-Mice.

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 Pregnancy is often associated with an increased fat
mass, increased appetite, high leptin to body fat
concentrations, and a degree of leptin resistance.
Which of the following is most likely true regarding the
action of leptin in pregnant women?
A) Receptors for leptin on the thyroid are inactive
leading to decrease in MR.
B) Leptin production is reduced leading to
decrease in MR.
C) Receptors for TSH on the hypothalamus are
inactive leading to increased appetite.
D) Thyroxin production is reduced leading to a
decrease in MR.
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 MC-4 Receptors
Melanocortin-4 Receptors (MC4-R)
During pregnancy women are also
melanocortin-resistant via production of an
antagonist that blocks MC4-R activation.

What seasonal changes in weight do you

observe in humans? How might leptin levels
and weight differ in animals who have to
survive harsh winters with little food?
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The Pancreas
Insulin
Secreted by beta () cells of the islets
Stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose
and its storage as glycogen in the liver and
muscle cells, or as fat in fat cells
Glucagon
Secreted by alpha () cells of the islets
Promotes the hydrolysis of glycogen in the
liver and fat in adipose tissue
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Stimulus Stimulus
After a Meal Between Meals
() ()
Blood glucose increased Blood glucose decreased

(+) (+)
Sensor

Pancreatic
Islets

Negative feedback
Negative feedback

Effector Effector

Increased insulin Increased glucagon

production production
by cells By cells

Response Response

Glucose moves from Glycogen hydrolized to

blood into cells, glucose, then secreted into 26
reducing blood glucose blood, increasing blood glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetics cannot take up glucose from
blood
Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes)
Individuals lack insulin-secreting cells
Treated by daily injections of insulin
Type II (noninsulin-dependent diabetes)
Most patients have this form
Very low number of insulin receptors
Treated by diet and exercise
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1. Which of the following hypotheses
best explains the observation that
overweight mice do not lose weight
when injected with leptin?
a)They have thyroid glands producing
large quantities of thyroxin
b)They have mutations in the leptin
gene.
c)They have mutations in the leptin
receptor gene.
d)None of the above are correct.
2. A patient has very high leptin-to-fat
mass ratio. Which of the following would
most likely NOT be true of this patient?
a)MC-4 receptors are blocked.
b)Thyroxin production would be low.
c)TSH production would be elevated.
d)TSH production would be low.
3. Cows could be hypothetically
induced to put on weight by giving
them drugs that
a)Block the production of leptin
b)Block the action of leptin
receptors
c)Block the production of TSH
d)All of the above
e)A & B only
4. A patient is unable to ovulate and has
reduced production of progesterone,
which of the following would also likely
be true?
a)LH production is low in the ovaries
b)FSH production is low in the testes
c)LH production is low in the anterior
pituitary
d)FSH production is low in the
hypothalamus
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Follicular Maturation
Follicle recruitment

Primary Secondary
follicles follicle
Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle

OvarianCycle
Ovarian events Hormone levels

LH
FSH

CorpusluteumLuteal
regression
Hypothalamus
Inhibition Inhibition
( ) GnRH( )
Dominant follicle
Graafian follicle
01 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 25 2728
() ()
Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase

Uterine Cycle (+)

Hormone levels

Estradiol
Progesterone Inhibition Inhibition
() ()

Anterior-
FSHLH
pituitary
gland
Endometrium

(+)
(+)
() ()

Ovary

01 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 25 2728
MenstruationProliferation Ovulation SecretoryMenstruation
Days Estradiol 32
Progesterone
5. If androgen production is high in
maternal blood what effect might this
have on a developing fetus?
a)Feminization of males.
b)Masculinization of females.
c)Gonads will not produce androgens.
6. Insulin is a peptide hormone,
therefore
a)Insulin is a hydrophilic hormone
b)Insulin can freely circulate throughout
blood without aid of transport proteins.
c)Insulin cannot easily pass through the
cell membrane.
d)All of the above is true of peptide
hormones.
e)None of the above is true of peptide
hormones.
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hydrophilic Lipophilic 1. Hormones

secreted into
Transport proteins extracellular
Secretory fluid and
vesicles Hormones diffuse into
Hormones bloodstream.
1 1

Blood 2. Hormones
vessels distributed by
blood to all
cells. Diffuse
from blood to
extracellular
fluid.

Endocrine gland A Endocrine gland B

3. Nontarget
2 cells lack
receptors,
Extracellular Extracellular and cell
fluid fluid stimulation
does not
occur.
Nontarget Nontarget
cells cells
3 3
4. Target cells
possess
receptors,
and are
Membrane activated by
receptors hormones.

Activated 4 Activated 5. Unused,

4
deactivated
Target cell Nuclear hormones
Target cell receptor are removed
by the liver
5 and kidney.
35
 Learning Objectives
What role to endocrine regulators play in
the regulation of different biological
processes?
What are the distinguishing characteristics
of the different categories of hormones
and how do these characteristics influence
function?

36