PHYSICS in 17th CENTURY

Presented by: Group 7 (Einstein)

 Introduction
The 17th century completely changed scientists' opinions on laws
ruling the universe and on microstructure of matter. That was the
time of many astronomical discoveries in astronomy and
mathematical achievements . But the development in physics was
the fastest. It used new mathematics.
After one and a half thousand years Democritus' concept of atom
reappeared . The existence of vacuum was proven. A new study of
atom developed. But still it wasn't known whether atom existed or
not; Boyle's experiment was only an indirect proof of it.
The achievements of the 17th century atomists were mostly based
on logic.. Scientists didn't have proper equipment for reassert. It
was the time of constructing first experimental instruments like
the first microscope
The 17th Century Physicists
Physics in 17 Century
th

The Leyden jar

Watson and Franklin
Joseph Black and latent heat
 Robert Boyle, (1627-1691)
another great scientist of the 17th century
did the research on the effect of air resistance, its pressure
and on changes of its volume, while changing its pressure.
He discovered the law describing dependence between these
two quantities (Boyle's law).
The experiments proved that air is composed of separate,
moving atoms, which stay, in quite a distance from each other
The other Boyle's theorem was the existence of elusive, fire
substance - "fire matter".
“All other things were to be composed of those simple
bodies.”
Pressure, which Boyle researched, is caused by the
movement of particles, which collide with other things
influencing them with some force. When air's volume
is smaller, there are more collisions in each square
centimetre of surface.
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723),
Dutch scientist
in 1670 created the first microscope.
 Sir Isaac Newton, (1643-1727)
the greatest of the 17th century
He maintained that light was also composed of some
kind of atoms.
He perceived interaction between different bodies as
interaction between atoms of these bodies.
paid much attention to the problem of action at a
distance
was considering the existence of “ether”
describe universal motion with reference to a set of
fundamental mathematical principles
In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia
Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and
successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion,;
and Newton's Law of Gravitation.
Gottfried Leibniz, (1646-1716)
 Johannes Kepler, ()
In the early 17th century Kepler formulated a model of
the solar system based upon the five Platonic solids.
concluded that the planets follow not circular orbits,
but elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus of the
ellipse.
formulate his three laws of planetary motion.
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
pioneered the use of experiment to validate physical
theories, which is the key idea in the scientific method.
formulated and successfully tested several results in
dynamics, including the correct law of accelerated
motion, the parabolic trajectory, the relativity of
unaccelerated motion, and an early form of the Law of
Inertia.
Galileo used his 1609 telescopic discovery of the moons
of Jupiter, as published in his Sidereus Nuncius in 1610,
to procure a position in the Medici court with the dual
title of mathematician and philosopher.
 The Leyden jar: AD 1745-1746
William Gilbert, at the start of the 17th century
simple machines with which enthusiasts can generate
an electric charge by means of friction. The current
generated will give a stimulating frisson to a lady's
hand, or can be discharged as a spark.
In 1745 an amateur scientist, Ewald Georg von Kleist,
dean of the cathedral in Kamien, makes an interesting
discovery. After partly filling a glass jar with water, and
pushing a metal rod through a cork stopper until it
reaches the water, he attaches the end of the nail to his
friction machine. 
In 1746 the same principle is discovered
by Pieter van Musschenbroek, a
physicist in the university of Leiden. As
a professional, he makes much use of
the new device in laboratory
experiments. Though sometimes called
a Kleistian jar, it becomes more
commonly known as the Leyden jar. 
The principle of plates
bearing opposite charges,
and separated only by a
narrow layer of insulation,
remains constant in the
development of capacitors
- much used in modern
technology. 
Watson and Franklin: AD 1745-1752
Joseph Black and latent heat: AD 1761