Occupational

Health
Agita Diora Fitri, S.kom, M.kkk
In 20th century, US National Council Report, CDC 1999
CDC, US
Health & safety
Reduction of the number of deaths from
was 1 of 10
14,500 to 5,100 ( decline 90%) & work
great
force more than tripled from 39 million to
achievements
130 million
of public health

What is Public Health??

What is Occupational
Health??
 Occupational health
Occupational health is the promotion & Disease related to
maintenance of the highest level of physical, occupations part
mental and social wellbeing of workers in all of public health
occupations by preventing departures from
Increasingly relate
health, controlling risk & adapting of work to
to environmental
people & people to their job (ILO & WHO,
health
1950)

Other field
What happen
At the place of
The worker, the health of the employment
worker, retired or laid off
worker
Hazardous
 Development of Occupational
Health
-the oldest sector of public health, documentation of
occupational diseases Was begun 1700 by Ramazini, historic
diseases examples of work related health hazard & diseases : scurvy
among sailors, cancer of the scrotum specific to chimney in90th
centuries, black lung in coal miners, mercury poisoning in hat
market, etc
during the early part of 19th century Internation
al league
-the harsh working conditions of children, women & other worker led of nations,
to parliamentary action to regulate mines & factories Internation
al Labour
1833 in UK Organizatio
-appointed to administer the provisions of the factory & workshop act n (ILO) , &
other
1898 in UK internation
al
-Thomas Legge become the 1st appointed to the post of chief factory organizatio
inspector, he articulated the basic health approach to worker health n
& established the principle that management is responsible for the
employees health
Government responsibility for setting standards, monitoring,
interviewing & regulating compensation grew slowly over the past
century
Case report, epidemiologic studies and advocacy regarding the
effect of lead, asbestos, vinyl chloride, silica & dust fiber led step to
reduce the hazards to worker & provides the professional support for
 The Health Worker, Occupational
Morbidity & Mortality
The Health
Demographically
Worker different
(population, epidemiologically
from population matched for
age n sex
Process of selection of workers
that exclude severely iill and
disable from employment
This termed the healthy worke
effect and is a factor to e
consider in occupational health
studies & practice
The burner of occupational
morbidity & mortality
Workforce is made up 135 person with 71.4%
between the ages of 25 & 54, premature
disease, injury & death related to
occupational health exposure are a major
burden on the economy & the health system
Over the period from 1980-1994, a total of
88,622 workers died in US from work related
injuries & an additional 60,000 died from
occupational disease
Estimates annual cost $128-$155 billion
1980-2005 related cumulative effects of
increased awareness & regulation of
worksite dangers & toxins as well as
technology & mechanization, change in the
economy & workforce distribution
Work injury maybe due to improving care of
the injured or to a real increase in number of
injuries in 2001 in the US, there were 5.7 non
fatal injuries with lost work days/100
employees in private sector a reductin from
1992
 The United Stated
Workforce
Tabel 1.1 Employed civilians in the United States, by
Industry
Industry
(1993) Size of Workforce
(in million)
Agriculture 3.1
Mining 0.7
Construction 7.2
Manufacturing 19.6
Transportation and public utilities 8.5
Wholesale and retail trade 24.8
Finance, insurance, real estate 8.0
Services 41.8
Public Administration 5.8
Total 119.3

Because of rounding, the sum of components doesnt add up to the total,

Source: Berau of Labour Statistic, U.S. Department of Labour, 1994
 Table 1.2 Employed Civilians in The United states, by Occupational Category
(1993)
Occupational Category Number of workers (in
million)
Executive, administrative, and 15.4
managerial wrokers
Professional workers 16.9
Technicians & related support 4.0
workers
Sales worker 14.2
Administrative support workers, 18.6
including clerical workers
Precision production, craft, and 13.3
repair workers
Operators, fabricators and laborers 17.0
Services workers 16.5
Farming, forestry, and fishing 3.3
industry workers
Total 119.3
Because of rounding, the sum of components doesnt add up to the total,
Source: Berau of Labour Statistic, U.S. Department of Labour, 1994
 Workforce several distinct
characteristics
Most people who are employed work in the informal sector
of the economy, mainly in agriculture, or in small-scale
industries, in which they are self employed or working in a
small workplace;
There are high rates of unemployment, sometimes reaching
25 percent or higher, & in many developing countries the
rates of unemployment - & underemployment- are
increasing each year;
In general, unfamiliarity with work processes & exposures,
in part due to inadequate training;
Wages are low; annual per capita income in many
developing countries is $500 (US) or less per year
Groups that comprise vulnerable populations in any country
are at even greater risk, including :
Women
Children
migrants
Tabel 1.3 Nonfatal occupational injury incidence rates in the United States,
by industry, private sector (1992)
Industry Number of nonfatal injuries per
100 full-time workers
Construction 12.9
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 11.0
Manufacturing 10.8
Transportation & public utilities 8.8
Wholesale & retail trade 8.2
Mining 7.0
Services 6.8
Finance, insurance, & real estate 2.7
Average 8.3
Source: Bureau of Labour Statistic, U>S. Department of Labour, 1993
 Tabel 1.4 Distribution of new cases of reported occupational illnesses in
the United States, by category of illness, private sector (1991)
Category of illness Number percent

Disorder associated with repeated trauma 459,300 61

Skin diseases or disorders 120,800 16

Disorders due to physical agent 37,400 5

Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents 36,900 5

Poisoning 13,400 2

Dust diseases of the lungs 4,800 1

All other occupational illnesses 86,800 11

Total 759,400 100

Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.

Source: Bureau of Labour Statistic, U.S Department of Labours, 1993
The ice berg of occupational
diseases
Reported

Recogniz
Not Reported ed
as
Being
Related
to work
Medical attention received,
but relationship of illness
to work not recognized

Symptoms, but no medical

attention sought

Affected, but not symptoms

 Occupational Health Issues
International Issues in Occupational
Health The global economy transfer
manufacturing from one country
economy transfer s manufacturing
from one country to another with
great speed n ease
This is often motivated by lower
wages & also by lower occupational
& environmental regulatory control
Illustrative Occupational Health
Issues
Government Role
Occupational Health n Safety
Education
Social n ethical Questions
Workplace-Related Health & Medical
Programs

Less stringer or non existent legal liability

protection against toxic exposures &
child labor in developing countries Advances in Technology

Transfer of occupational hazard from The Environmental Movement

industrialized country to non
industrialized countries
Risk factors at work caused such as
injuries, death, diseases related to
work, exposure to occupational
hazards account for a significant
proportion of the global burden of
disease & injury risk prevention
National & Management
Responsibilities
Occupational injuries and illnesses are social as
well as engineering and management concern
 Standards and Monitoring
Involves a set of activities designed to increase the safety & protection of the worker

Prevention of occupational injuries, death and diseases was governed by state and local
government or market forces

In 1970, federal initiative to raise standards of occupational health & safety act, established two
government agencies to implement the act , the occupational safety and health administration
(OSHA), CDCs national institute of occupational safety & health (NIOSH)
OSHA is responsible for promulgation and enforcement activities, within the US Department of
Labor, OSHA sets standard based on consensus derived from professional organization in
consultation with labor, industry, and health to promote safety, reduce risk for employees & set
performance standard for employees
The act provides an environment for regulation and study of occupational health issues including
public petition, court decisions & new research finding used to formulate priorities for standard
development

Monitoring is done by a combination of federal , state and local health authorities with participation
of professional & industrial organization

The legal responsibility for worker safety and health is placed with approach
Occupational Health Targets
 Occupational Targets

Identifier the The Renewed

The finding
progress reviewed effort

Toxicity at The Work Place & In The Environment

Cotton
asbesto dust Agent Vinyl
Lead silica
s (byssinosi orange chloride
s)
Work Place Violence

Hostage taking, rapes, robbery, murder, bomb, hand guns, drug,

alcohol, sex abuse, etc

Risk Assessment
Identify & quantifying occupational & environmental risk by clinical
observation, supplemented by epidemiologic analysis that can be
identified toxic n carcinogenic factors that can be reduced or eliminating
by public health intervention
Inspecting the place of work
Preventing disaster in the Work Place
 Occupational Healths
Aspect
Occupational medical
Toxicology industry
Occupational ergonomic
Occupational Industry (Hygiene
Industry)
Occupational safety
Occupational environmental /
epidemiology
 Case study
Health promotion
Who?
Why?
Hazards? Physical, biology, ergonomic,
chemical
Output?