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d = s x (t/2)
Time it takes half of the time to go
down and half to return
Distance
N avigation and Ranging Issues
Depth is determined by dividing travel time of sound
by 2 and then multiplying by 1500 mps
12 seconds travel time
12/2 = 6X1500 = 9000 meters deep
The Doppler principle applicable to all wave motion
was developed by the Austrian physicist, Christian
Doppler (1803-1853).
Frequency of sound appears to increase when an
observer moves toward a source and appears to
decrease when he moves away from it. Similarly, if
the source is moving toward the observer, the
frequency is higher; if the source is moving away
from the observer, it is lower.
H ow a m ap is m ade
A Sonar echo recorder is dragged
behind a ship and is called a towfish
It sends out a ping sound travels to
the bottom and is reflected back to the
hydrophone
An instrument on the ship collects and
analyzes the data
These points of data are combined to
create a picture of the seafloor
A ship must travel over the area that is
being studied multiple times this is
called mowing the grass
Sea floor off of L.A. A mosaic
map
Types ofIm aging Sonar
Side-Scan Sonar Systems
Used for mapping the sea
floor for nautical charts,
bathymetric maps, maritime
archeology, and surveys.
The intensity of the acoustic
reflections from the seafloor
of this fan-shaped beam is
recorded in a series of cross-track
slices. When stitched together along the direction
of motion, these slices form an image of the sea
bottom within the swath (coverage width) of the
beam.
Side-Scan Sonar System s
The sound frequencies used in side-scan sonar
usually range from 100 to 500 kHz; higher
frequencies yield better resolution but less
range.