Unit 13 motivation at

work
Motivation

the act of giving somebody a reason

or incentive to do something

a feeling of enthusiasm, interest, or

commitment that makes somebody
want to do something, or something
that causes such a feeling
Motivation at Work
You will learn ..

Motivation Theories
Factors that Motivate Workers
Job Satisfaction
Styles of Leadership
Formal and Informal Groups at
Work
Why do people work?
Money is probably at the top of your list!

Earn
money to buy food and the basic
necessities for life.
 Why do people work?
Money is probably at the top of your list!

Other Reasons
include
To make new friends
To have Job Security
Sense of
Achievement /
Importance
Sense of Identity
Satisfying Ambition
Motivation
Itsthe reason why employees
want to work hard and work
effectively for the business.

Employees are a firms

greatest asset!
Motivational Theories
People
work for themselves
work hard & effectively because
see the direct benefits.
People
working for someone else
may not work as hard or effectively as a
result
not seeing their benefits
Motivation
Task of Management
success of the business
Motivational Theories
Four main theories

Taylor Maslow Herzberg McGrego

r
F.W. Taylor
F.W. Taylor
Started as a Factory
Labourer in America in
the 1880s
Rose to Chief Engineer
Conducted Experiments
on how Labour
Productivity could be
increased
Ideas and Findings
published in 1911.
F.W. Taylors Assumptions
Assumption
all individuals
are motivated by
personal gain
Stated
paid more
individuals work
more effectively.
F.W. Taylors Experiment
F.W. Taylors Results
F.W. Taylors Criticisms
Maslow Hierarchy of
Needs
Maslow

An American
Psychologist
Studied Employee
Motivation
Proposed the Hierarchy
of Needs
Ideas published in 1954
Maslows Hierarchy of
Needs
Maslows Hierarchy of
Needs
Maslows Hierarchy of
Needs
Promotions &
increased
responsibility
Recognized for your
efforts

Support from work

colleagues

Job Security

Wages high enough

to cover bills
Herzberg
Frederick
Herzberg
First book on
Motivational
Theories
published in
1959
Two-Factor
Theory
Herzberg Human Needs
McGregor

Theory X

Theory Y
McGregor
Douglas McGregor
Management
Professor
Identified two types
of managers
Theory X
Theory Y
Research findings
Published in 1960
McGregors Theory X
Manager
Theory X

Dislikes work
Try to avoid work

Must be pressured into work

Threatened by punishment

Do not want responsibility

Not ambitious
Main need is security
McGregors Theory Y
Manager
Theory Y
Work is natural
Likes it in principle
Can work unsupervised
Can use initiative
Committed to hard work
Accept responsibility
Seek responsibility
Greatest need is self-
actualization
Great creative potential
Mostly under-utilised
Which one is it?
Theory
Company A X
Each office has at least one supervisor
to check the work of all staff
The employees are set a target of work
to complete each day and a log is kept
of what is completed each day
Each process is broken down into its
different tasks and these are assigned
to individual employees to complete

Theory
Y
 Which one is it?
Theory
Company B X
There are a few groups of supervisors whose
job it is to help the other staff if work builds up.
The employees are encouraged to complete
what they can.
If a task needs more time than anticipated, the
employee is encouraged to take the time
required to do a good job.
Employees are given a whole task to complete
and they can choose how it is completed

Theory
Y
 Why do people work?
Money Security

Why
Work?

Social Esteem Job

Needs Needs Satisfactio
n
Motivating Factors
Monetary Rewards
Non-Monetary Rewards
Job Satisfaction
Monetary Rewards
Pay
Wages
Wage Calculation
Wage Calculation
Time Rate
Payment / Hour
Advantages
Easy to calculate
($10/hr x 40 hrs =
$400)
Exact Amount Paid /
Time Worked
Time Sheet
Wage Calculation
Time Rate
Disadvantages
Takes time
Good/bad workers paid
the same
More supervision needed
Costly / Expensive
Constant supervision
needed
Production amounts &
quality
Clocking in system
Wage Calculation
Piece Rate
Wage Calculation
Piece Rate
Advantages
Wage Calculation
Piece Rate
Disadvantages
Salaries
Salary Calculation
YearlyIncome / 12
Extra Work
included
usually not paid for
Calculatedonce a month
Standard Rate
Set amount of money
Basic Salary
Salary Rewards
Commissi Bonus
on

Salary
Rewards

Profit Performan Share

Sharing ce Related Ownership
Pay
Monetary Rewards
Non-Monetary Rewards
Perks / Fringe Benefits
Vary Seniority
Factory Worker
Discounts on products
Senior Manager
Company Car
House
Expense Account
Non-Monetary Rewards
Childrens Education
Fees
Discounts on Products
Health Care
Company Vehicle
Fuel Card
Free Accommodation
Non-Monetary Rewards
Housing Allowance
Share Options
Expense Accounts
Pension Schemes
Free Trips /
Holidays
 Job Satisfaction
Happy Workers
Employees enjoy their
work/job
More committed to their work
Work more effectively
Motivated Positively
Unhappy Workers
Poor Management
Employees treated badly
Factors perceived badly
Fringe Benefits, Rate of Pay
Job Satisfaction Ideas

Pay Opportunity for Working

Promotion Conditions

Fringe Benefits Employee Working Hours

Management
Job Satisfaction

Colleagues Nature of Work Responsibility

Sense of Recognition Training

Achievement
Increasing Job Satisfaction
Job Rotation
Workers swap Easier for Managers
duties to move workers for
cover
Specific Task for a
DOES NOT make
period of time
tasks more
Increases Variety interesting
Increasing Job Satisfaction
Job Enlargement
Extra Tasks Do not add extra
Similar level of work work
Added to job Do not increase
description responsibility
Adds variety
Increasing Job Satisfaction
Job Enrichment
Add tasks with more Scope for fulfilling
skills / responsibility higher human needs
Additional Training Workers more
may be needed committed
Redesigning jobs Raises Productivity
Increasing Job Satisfaction
Autonomous Group given
Work Groups & responsibility for a
particular process,
Teamworking
product or
development
Decide
how to complete
the task
organize jobs
Increasing Job Satisfaction
Autonomous Workers
Work Groups & more involved
Teamworking decision making
responsibility
control jobs &
tasks
more committed
Motivating Factors at all
Levels
Leadership
Good management needs good
leadership
Politicians, religious leaders, team captains
Some more effective than others
Inspire the best out of the workforce
Common Goals
Types of Leadership
Autocratic Leadership
laissex-faire Leadership
Democratic Leadership
Autocratic Leadership
Democratic Leadership
Laissez-faire
Formal & Informal Groups

Tutor Group Sub-groups

Put together by the Join together by
school or college choice
More effective
Formal Groups in Business
Set up to complete specific
tasks
Different Departments
Human Resources
Marketing
Accounting
Other Groups
Tackle particular problems
Staff from different departments
Discussion of solutions
Informal Groups in
Business
Groups of people
Similar Interests
Something in
Common
Example
Group of doctors
volunteer to help out
kids at an homeless
shelter once a month
 Positive Informal Groups
Manager and employee meets
Joint consultation on issues
Organized social events
Joint-Fund Raising Activities
Activity Weekends

Motivation &
communication can be
improved greatly by
getting employees
Issues with Groups in
Business
2 groups put together
still see themselves as separate
groups
may not be willing to mix
not work effectively