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The solutions can be very similar, but never identical, and all
obtained solutions or results are equally probable. There are
conditional and unconditional simulations.
1 if z ( x) vcutoff
I ( x)
0 if z ( x) vcutoff
Where:
I(x) - indicator variable;
z(x) - measured value;
cutoff - cutoff value.
Indicator formalism:
Using this cut-off we can define an indicator variable, which takes 1 for
all locations where the thickness is smaller than 2, and takes 0 for
all other locations
In this way we can define all other indicator variables
Actually, the larger number of cut-offs, the more precise the
continous ccdf derived are and this is the principle of Indicator
Kriging
With respect of 5 indicator cut-offs (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 m), we can create
5 point maps showing the actual values (0 or 1).
That means we have 5 point maps one for each cut-off
Each map contains only 0 and 1 values
Unfortunately, we cannot perform any meaningful estimation with
these values
But, they can hold some other meaning:
We suppose that at any particular well location the probability
of the thickness smaller than a particular cut-off can be
derived from the global probability distribution of thickness
Rock type
The Indicator Kriging of that variable gives the probability that this
rock type appears at a particular location
Conclusion
Advantages:
It does not need normality of the input data set
It can be inplemented in case of bimodal distribution
Since it estimates probabilities, it may show the connectivity of the
largest values (very important in production plans or EOR projects)
Disadvantages:
Success of IK strongly depends on the correct selection of the cut-offs
values. The fewer the numbers of cut-offs are, the fewer details of the
distribution can be got.
Case study; Klotar Field
Introduction research location
Klotar Field was very detail analyzed in the joint study of INA and
RGNF, led by Prof. Dr. J. Veli and Prof. Dr. T. Malvi.
Used methods
Deterministic Stochastic
OK IK SGS SIS
Analyzed variables
SL OVEN I A
Varadin
H U N GA RY
Krievci
K LOTA R FI ELD
ZAGREB Virovitica
Karlovac
Osijek
Kutina Naice
Vukovar SER BIA
Poega
CROATIA Vinkovci
Slavonski Brod
0 100 200 km
Measured wells: 57
Technically abandoned: 73
Production wells: 62
Location of the Beta and T reservoirs
Sandstone reservoirs
were deposited
Evolution of the Klotar Field during Late Evolution of the Klotar Field during
Pontian Pliocene and Quaternary
Deterministical geostatistical mapping of
the reservoir variables
Porosity Depth Thickness Porosity Depth Thickness
Well (%) (m) (m) Well
(%) (m) (m)
Klo-5 18,0 1365,0 3,0 Klo-1 19,9 940,0 13,0
Klo-19 1502,5 15,5
Klo-12 19,5 991,0 12,0
Klo-60 17,9 1447,0 23,0
Klo-62 Klo-16 19,6 916,0 12,0
15,3 1400,0 22,5
Klo-63 16,6 1437,0 9,0 Klo-20 21,1 1026,0 13,0
Klo-64 15,0 1397,0 10,0 Klo-22 23,3 966,0 11,5
Klo-70 12,2 1387,5 3,5 Klo-23 20,5 1014,0 12,0
Klo-73 13,3 1373,0 4,0 Klo-24 20,1 1020,5 11,0
Klo-74 1358,0 20,5 Klo-26 21,2 1016,0 9,5
Klo-75 17,5 1375,0 20,0 Klo-27 17,9 880,0 20,0
Klo-76 18,5 1362,5 14,5 Klo-28 19,2 994,0 17,0
Klo-77 1386,0 22,0
Klo-35 13,8 790,0 3,0
Klo-78 16,2 1376,5 13,5
Klo-43 5,5 765,5 4,5
Klo-79 18,5 1393,0 14,0
Klo-81 19,1 1362,0 11,5 Klo-48 19,7 1019,0 13,5
Klo-82 18,3 1396,5 18,5 Klo-57 18,2 795,0 25,0
Klo-83 16,0 1368,5 8,5 Klo-58 21,8 803,0 6,0
Klo-84 1406,0 9,0 Klo-59 18,1 890,0 9,0
Klo-86 1338,0 8,5 Klo-71 18,5 838,0 10,0
Klo-87 17,3 1409,0 10,0 Klo-72 19,6 785,0 11,0
Klo-88 15,5 1405,0 8,0 Klo-95 22,0 957,0 8,0
Klo-89 17,9 1395,0 7,0
Klo-104 18,4 912,5 6,0
Klo-163 1394,0 18,0
Probability map
Probability map for for porosity less
porosity less than than cutoff 16%
cutoff 15%
Probability map for porosity less Probability map for porosity less Probability map for porosity less
than 14% than 18% than 19%
Probability
Probability map map for
for thickness thickness
less than 5m less than 9m
Probability
Probability map map for
for thickness thickness
less than 13m less than
17m
Discussion and conclusion
1st assumption - higher porosity represents sandy lithofacies and lower
marly lithofacies.
Mapped variables were porosity and thickness of the Beta and T reservoirs.
All previous solutions as well as E-logs were taken into the consideration.
Probability maps for certain cutoff value showed material transport direction
and distribution channel location.
The methodology applied in the Klotar Field can be used in all Upper
Pannonian and Lower Pontian sandstone reservoirs in the Sava
Depression, primarily because all depositional conditions, migrations and
traps forming were almost the same.
Thank you for your attention!