GAMETOGENESIS

Pratiwi
Spermatogenesis and
oogenesis are both forms
of gametogenesis, in
which a diploid gamete
cell produces haploid
sperm and egg cells,
respectively.
Terms-gametogenesis
meiosis
cell division of a diploid cell into four
haploid cells, which develop to produce
gametes
mitosis
the division of a cell nucleus in which
the genome is copied and separated
into two identical halves. It is normally
followed by cell division
Terms-gametogenesis
polar body
one of the small cells that are by-
products of the meiosis that forms an egg
oocyte
a cell that develops into an egg or ovum;
a female gametocyte
spermatocyte
a male gametocyte, from which a
spermatozoon develops
Key Points
Gametogenesis, the production of sperm
(spermatogenesis) and eggs (oogenesis), takes place
through the process of meiosis.
In oogenesis, diploid oogonium go through mitosis
until one develops into a primary oocyte, which will
begin the first meiotic division, but then arrest; it will
finish this division as it develops in the follicle, giving
rise to a haploid secondary oocyte and a smaller
polar body.
The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic
division and then arrests again; it will not finish this
division unless it is fertilized by a sperm; if this
occurs, a mature ovum and another polar body is
produced.
Key Points
In spermatogenesis, diploid spermatogonia
go through mitosis until they begin to
develop into gametes; eventually, one
develops into a primary spermatocyte that
will go through the first meiotic division to
form two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
The secondary spermatocytes will go
through a second meiotic division to each
produce two spermatids; these cells will
eventually develop flagella an
OOGENESIS

.
Oogenesis : .
The process of oogenesis occurs
in the ovary's outermost layer. A
primary oocyte begins the first
meiotic division, but then arrests
until later in life when it will
finish this division in a
developing follicle. This results in
a secondary oocyte, which will
complete meiosis if it is
fertilized.
1. Oogenesis ( step)
The cell starting meiosis is called
a primary oocyte.
This cell will begin the first
meiotic division, but be arrested
in its progress in the first
prophase stage.
At the time of birth, all future
eggs are in the prophase stage.
2. Oogenesis ( step)
At adolescence, anterior
pituitary hormones cause the
development of a number of
follicles in an ovary.

This results in the primary

oocyte finishing the first meiotic
division.
3. Oogenesis ( step)
The cell divides unequally, with
most of the cellular material and
organelles going to one cell,
called a secondary oocyte, and
only one set of chromosomes
and a small amount of cytoplasm
going to the other cell.

This second cell is called a polar

body and usually dies.
4. Oogenesis ( step)
A secondary meiotic arrest
occurs, this time at the
metaphase II stage.

At ovulation, this secondary

oocyte will be released and
travel toward the uterus through
the oviduct.
5. Oogenesis ( step)
If the secondary oocyte is
fertilized, the cell continues
through the meiosis II,
completing meiosis, producing a
second polar body and a
fertilized egg containing all 46
chromosomes of a human being,
half of them coming from the
sperm.
.

COMPARING MEIOSIS AND

MITOSIS
meiosis

cell division of a diploid ce

ll into four haploid cells, w
hich develop to produce
gametes
Mitosis and meiosis share some
similarities, but also some
differences, most of which are
observed during meiosis I.
The main differences between
mitosis and meiosis occur in meiosis
I.
All of these events occur only in
meiosis I.
Meiosis II is much more similar to a
mitotic division.
Meiosis and mitosis are both
preceded by one round of DNA
replication; however, meiosis
Meiosis II
Meiosis II initiates immediately after
cytokinesis, usually before the
chromosomes have fully decondensed.
In contrast to meiosis I, meiosis II
resembles a normal mitosis.
In some species, cells enter a brief
interphase, or interkinesis, before
entering meiosis II.
The two cells produced in meiosis I go
through the events of meiosis II
together.
The process of chromosome alignment
differs between meiosis I and meiosis II.
Introduction to Meiosis
Meiosis is the nuclear division of diploid cells
into haploid cells, which is a necessary step
in sexual reproduction.
Haploid cells that are part of the sexual
reproductive cycle are produced by a type of
cell division called meiosis.
Meiosis employs many of the same
mechanisms as mitosis.
Thus, meiosis I is the first round of meiotic
division and consists of prophase I,
prometaphase I, and so on.
Meiosis II, the second round of meiotic
division, includes prophase II, prometaphase
II, and so on.
Disorders in Chromosome Number
Aneuploidy, an abnormal number of
chromosomes in a cell, is caused by
nondisjunction, or the failure of chromosomes to
separate at meiosis.
Nondisjunction can occur during either meiosis I
or II, with differing results.
If homologous chromosomes fail to separate
during meiosis I, the result is two gametes that
lack that particular chromosome and two
gametes with two copies of the chromosome.
Nondisjunction occurs when homologous
chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to
separate during meiosis, resulting in an
abnormal chromosome number.
Nondisjunction may occur during meiosis I or
Meiosis I
In meiosis I, the first round of meiosis,
homologous chromosomes exchange DNA
and the diploid cell is divided into two
haploid cells.
Meiosis is preceded by an interphase
consisting of three stages.
Finally, during the G2 phase (also called the
second gap phase), the cell undergoes the
final preparations for meiosis.
The crossover events are the first source of
genetic variation produced by meiosis.
In each cell that undergoes meiosis, the
arrangement of the tetrads is different.
Oogenesis
Immediately after meiosis I, the haploid
secondary oocyte initiates meiosis II.
When meiosis II has completed, an ootid and
another polar body would have been created.
Both polar bodies disintegrate at the end of
meiosis II, leaving only the ootid, which then
eventually undergoes maturation into a
mature ovum.
The function of forming polar bodies is to
discard the extra haploid sets of chromosomes
that have resulted as a consequence of
meiosis.
Oogenesis is the process of meiosis specific to
the production of oocytes, particularly the
uneven distribution of cellular components,
Gene rearrangement within genomes
During meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic
recombination involves the pairing of
homologous chromosomes.
During meiosis, as chromosomes condense
and pair with their homologs (prophase I),
they interact at distinct points.
In meiosis and mitosis, recombination occurs
between similar molecules (homologs) of DNA.
Gene conversion occurs at high frequency at
the actual site of the recombination event
during meiosis.
Crossing over is essential for the normal
segregation of chromosomes during meiosis.
mitosis
(noun)
the division of a cell nucleus in wh
ich the genome is copied and separat
ed into two identical halves. It is
normally followed by cell division
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
Mitosis and meiosis share some
similarities, but also some differences,
most of which are observed during
meiosis I.
Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of
division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
The main differences between mitosis
and meiosis occur in meiosis I.
There is no such reduction in ploidy level
during mitosis.
The daughter cells resulting from mitosis
are diploid and identical to the parent
cell.
Interphase
Cells must grow and duplicate their internal
structures during interphase before they
can divide during mitosis.
The two centrosomes will give rise to the
mitotic spindle, the apparatus that
orchestrates the movement of
chromosomes during mitosis.
The final preparations for the mitotic phase
must be completed before the cell is able to
enter the first stage of mitosis.
Nucleus
You may recall that when chromosomes form
in the run-up to mitosis or meiosis, the
nuclear envelope and nucleus disappear,
eventually reappearing in the new daughter
cells.
In mitosis, the chromosomes are pulled apart
by the microtubules of the spindle apparatus.
Cytokinesis, the division of one cell into two,
begins near the end of mitosis.
Sexual reproduction, a key characteristic of
eukaryotes, involves meiosis rather than
mitosis.
The mechanism of meiosis, the division of
germ cells leading to production of sperm and
eggs, is similar to mitosis except that the
ultimate daughter cells have just one each of
polar body
nounBiology
plural noun: polar bodies
each of the small cells that
bud off from an oocyte at the
two meiotic divisions and do
not develop into ova.
SELAMAT DISKUSI