CFX Transient

Chapter 8
Transient Simulations
Introduction to CFX
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-1 Inventory #002598
Motivation Training Manual
Nearly all flows in nature are transient!

Steady-state assumption is possible if we:
Ignore unsteady fluctuations
Employ ensemble/time-averaging to remove unsteadiness (this is what is done
in modeling turbulence)
In CFD, steady-state methods are preferred

Lower computational cost
Easier to postprocess and analyze
Many applications require resolution of transient flow:

Aerodynamics (aircraft, land vehicles,etc.) vortex shedding
Rotating Machinery rotor/stator interaction, stall, surge
Multiphase Flows free surfaces, bubble dynamics
Deforming Domains in-cylinder combustion, store separation
Unsteady Heat Transfer transient heating and cooling
Many more

Origins of Transient Flow Training Manual
Natural unsteadiness
Unsteady flow due to growth of instabilities within the fluid or a non-equilibrium
initial fluid state
Examples: natural convection flows, turbulent eddies of all scales, fluid waves
(gravity waves, shock waves)
Forced unsteadiness
Time-dependent boundary conditions, source terms drive the unsteady flow field
Examples: pulsing flow in a nozzle, rotor-stator interaction in a turbine stage
Kelvin-Helmholtz Cloud Instability Rotor-Stator Interaction in an Axial Compressor

Transient CFD Analysis Training Manual
Simulate a transient flow field over a specified time period

Solution may approach:
Steady-state solution Flow variables stop changing with time
Time-periodic solution Flow variables fluctuate with repeating pattern
Your goal may also be simply to analyze the flow over a prescribed time
interval.
Free surface flows
Moving shock waves
Etc.
Extract quantities of interest

Natural frequencies (e.g. Strouhal Number)
Time-averaged and/or RMS values
Time-related parameters (e.g. time required to cool a hot solid, residence
time of a pollutant)
Spectral data fast Fourier transform (FFT)

How to Solve a Transient Case Training Manual
Transient simulations are Timestep = 2 s

solved by computing a solution Initial Time = 0 s
for many discrete points in time
Total Time = 20 s
At each time point we must
iterate to the solution Coefficient Loops = 5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 5 coefficient
Time (seconds) Loops
How to Solve a Transient Case Training Manual
Similar setup to steady state

The general workflow is
1. Set the Analysis Type to Transient
2. Specify the transient time duration to solve and the time step size
3. Set up physical models and boundary conditions as usual
Boundary conditions may change with time
4. Prescribe initial conditions
Best to use a physically realistic initial condition, such as a steady
solution
5. Assign solver settings
6. Configure transient results files, transient statistics, monitors points
7. Run the solver

1. Analysis Type Training Manual
Edit Analysis Type in the Outline tree and set the option to Transient

2. Time Duration and Time Step Training Manual
Set the Time Duration

This controls when the simulation will end
Options are:
Total Time
When restarting this time carriers over
Time Per Run
Ignores any time completed in previous runs
Maximum Number of Timesteps
The number of timesteps to perform, including
any completed in previous runs
Number of Timesteps per Run
For this run only. Ignores previously
completed timesteps

Set the Time Step size

This controls the spacing in time between
the solutions points
Options are:
Timesteps / Timesteps for the Run
Various formats accepted, e.g.
0.001
0.001, 0.002, 0.002, 0.003
5*0.001, 10*0.05, 20*0.06
Adaptive
Timestep size will change dynamically within
specified limits depending on specified
convergence criteria or Courant number

The Time Step size is an important parameter in transient simulations

It must be small enough to resolve time-dependent features
Time step too large to resolve transient
True solution changes. Note the solution points generally
will not lie on the true solution because the
true behaviour has not been resolved.
Variable of
interest
t
Time
Variable of A smaller time step can

interest resolve the true solution
t
Time
and it must be small enough to maintain solver stability

The quantity of interest may be changing very slowly (e.g. temperature in a
solid), but you may not be able to use a large timestep if other quantities (e.g.
velocity) have smaller timescales
The Courant Number is often used to estimate a time step:
Velocity t
Courant Number
Element Size
This gives the number of mesh elements the fluid passes through in one
timestep
Typical values are 2 10, but in some cases higher values are acceptable
The average and maximum Courant number is reported in the Solver out
file each timestep
A smaller timestep will typically improve convergence

3. Boundary Conditions Training Manual
If required, boundary conditions can be functions of time instead of

constant values
Velocities, Mass flows, pressure conditions, temperatures, etc. can all be
expressed as functions
In CEL expressions use t or Time
Can read in time varying experimental data through User FORTRAN

4. Initialization Training Manual
Physically realistic initial conditions

should be used
A converged steady state solution is
often used as the starting point
If a transient simulation is started from
Residuals
an approximate initial guess the initial
transient will not be accurate
The first few timesteps may not
converge
A smaller time step may be needed
initially to maintain solver stability
For cyclic behavior the first few cycles 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
can be ignored until a repeatable pattern
Time (seconds)
is obtained

5. Solver Control Training Manual
The transient scheme defines the numerical

algorithm for the transient term
Two implicit time-stepping schemes are

available:
First Order Backward Euler (more stable)
Second Order Backward Euler (more accurate)
The default Second Order Backward Euler

scheme is generally recommended for most
transient runs
Timestep Initialisation controls the way the

previous timestep is used as the starting
point for the next timestep
Can use the last solution as is
Or the solver can extrapolate the previous
solution to try to provide a better starting point
Not recommended at high Courant numbers
Automatic (default) switches between the two
depending on the Courant number

5. Solver Control Training Manual
The Min. and Max. Coeff. Loops set limits

on the number of iterations to use within
each timestep
Should aim to converge each timestep

within about 3 5 loops
Complex physics may need more loops
If convergence is not achieved in the

maximum number of loops, it is generally
better to reduce the timestep size rather
than increase the number of loops
The solution will proceed to the next
timestep regardless of whether the
convergence criteria was met
Important to monitor the solution

6. Output Control Training Manual
Transient Results
By default only a final res file is written
No information about the transient solution
Need to define Transient Results under
Output Control
Transient Results Option
Standard
Like a full results file
Can take up a lot of disk space
Smallest
Writes the smallest file which can still be
used for a restart (still quiet large)
Selected Variables
Pick only the variables of interest to give
smaller files
Output Frequency
Controls how often results are written
Transient Statistics
Used to generate running statistics for
solution variables
Arithmetic Average, RMS, Minimum,

Maximum, Standard Deviation and Full
(everything) are available options
Pick the variables of interest
Start and Stop Iteration List defines

when to begin and end collecting the
statistics

Monitor Points are generally used as in

steady-state simulations
Monitor Coefficient Loop Convergence

creates monitor history for each
iteration within a timestep
Useful to see if quantities of interest are
converging within a timestep
By default only the monitor values from
the end of the timestep are displayed
Tip: Monitoring an expression will

create a transient history chart in the
Solver Manager. This can be easier
than creating the chart from transient
results files after-the-fact, and it doesnt
require transient results files to be
written
7. Solver Output Training Manual
Output differs from steady

state in that each time step
now contains coefficient
loop output
Courant number information

shown at the start of each
timestep
Make sure convergence has

been achieved by the end of
the timestep by monitoring
the RMS and MAX residual
plots


CFX Transient

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Chapter 8

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Nearly all flows in nature are transient!

In CFD, steady-state methods are preferred

Many applications require resolution of transient flow:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Kelvin-Helmholtz Cloud Instability Rotor-Stator Interaction in an Axial Compressor

Simulate a transient flow field over a specified time period

Extract quantities of interest

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Transient simulations are Timestep = 2 s

Similar setup to steady state

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Set the Time Duration

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Set the Time Step size

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

The Time Step size is an important parameter in transient simulations

Variable of A smaller time step can

and it must be small enough to maintain solver stability

The Courant Number is often used to estimate a time step:

A smaller timestep will typically improve convergence

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

If required, boundary conditions can be functions of time instead of

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Physically realistic initial conditions

If a transient simulation is started from

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

The transient scheme defines the numerical

Two implicit time-stepping schemes are

The default Second Order Backward Euler

Timestep Initialisation controls the way the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

The Min. and Max. Coeff. Loops set limits

Should aim to converge each timestep

If convergence is not achieved in the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Arithmetic Average, RMS, Minimum,

Pick the variables of interest

Start and Stop Iteration List defines

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

Monitor Points are generally used as in

Monitor Coefficient Loop Convergence

Tip: Monitoring an expression will

Output differs from steady

Courant number information

Make sure convergence has

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009

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