Assigned

Date Topic Due

Reading
Introduction and
Week 1 Jan 11 & 13 Get Text Book!
Expectations
Week 2 Jan 18 & 20 Intro to Motor Dev. Chapters 1&2
Jan 23, 25, &
Week 3 Motion & Stability Chapter 3
27
Jan 30, Feb 1 Review & Exam 1:
Week 4 Study!
&3 Chapters 1,2, & 3
Growth, Maturation, &
Week 5 Feb 6, 8, & 10 Chapter 4
Aging
Feb 13, 15 & Article Review 1
Week 6 Dev. of Body Systems Chapter 5
17 (2/17)
Feb 20, 22 &
Week 7 Early Motor Dev. Chapter 6
24
Feb 27, Mar 1 Review & Exam 2:
Week 8 Study!
&3 Chapters 4,5,& 6
Week 9 Mar 6, 8, & 10 Human Locomotion Chapter 7
Week Ballistic & Manipulative Article Review 2
Mar 13 & 15 Chapters 8 & 9
10 Skills (2/15)
Week Mar 20, 22, & Review & Exam 3:
Study!
11 24 Chapters 7,8 & 9
Week
Spring Break!
12
Week Social & Cultural
Apr 3, 5, & 7 Chapter 12
13 Constraints
Week Apr 10, 12, & Knowledge as a
Chapter 14
14 14 Constraint
Week April 17, 19, & Long-term Athlete Balyi, 2004; Llyod Article Review 3
15 21 Development & Oliver, 2012 (4/21)
Week Review & Final Exam
April 24 & 27 Cumulative
16 (4/27)
 Assigned
Date Topic Due
Reading
Introduction and
Week 1 Jan 12 Get Text Book!
Expectations
Week 2 Jan 17 & 19 Intro to Motor Dev. Chapters 1&2
Week 3 Jan 24 & 26 Motion & Stability Chapter 3
Review & Exam 1:
Week 4 Jan 31 & Feb 2 Study!
Chapters 1,2, & 3
Growth, Maturation, &
Week 5 Feb 7 & 9 Chapter 4
Aging
Article Review 1
Week 6 Feb 14 & 16 Dev. of Body Systems Chapter 5
(2/16)
Week 7 Feb 21 & 23 Early Motor Dev. Chapter 6
Review & Exam 2:
Week 8 Feb 28 & Mar 2 Study!
Chapters 4,5,& 6
Week 9 Mar 7 & 9 Human Locomotion Chapter 7
Ballistic & Manipulative Article Review 2
Week 10 Mar 14 & 16 Chapters 8 & 9
Skills (2/16)
Review & Exam 3:
Week 11 Mar 21 & 23 Study!
Chapters 7,8 & 9
Week 12 Spring Break!
Social & Cultural
Week 13 Apr 4 & 6 Chapter 12
Constraints
Knowledge as a
Week 14 Apr 11 &13 Chapter 14
Constraint
Long-term Athlete Balyi, 2004; Llyod Article Review 3
Week 15 Apr 18 & 20
Development & Oliver, 2012 (4/20)
Week 16 Apr 25 Review Study!

Week 17 May 1 Final Exam (5/1) Cumulative

Principles of Motion &
Stability
CHRISTOPHER J. SOLE, PHD, CSCS
THE CITADEL - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
EXERCISE, AND SPORT SCIENCE
EXSC 200 & PHED 235
SPRING 2017
Objectives:

Identify and provide examples of how the

principles of motion an stability influence
motor development.

Compare and contrast the relationship

between these principles and the motor
behavior of individuals at various
developmental stages.

Explain how skilled individuals exploit the

principles of motion and storability.
Introduction

Developmental changes are predictable.

Based on the optimization of mechanical (biomechanical) principles of

motion and stability over time.

Observed across a variety of motor skills (running, jumping, landing,

striking/kicking, etc.)

Result in
Increased and/or optimized force production
Increased and/or optimized velocity
Increased efficiency and accuracy
Introduction

Developmental (motor) changes occur according to the

principles of biomechanics

One ever-present constraint for all of us is gravity.

Influences how we sit, stand, walk, jump, etc.

Similarities in individual, environmental, and task

constraints related to biomechanics can explain the
predictability found in development

Examples
What Changes?

A B
Newtons Laws of Motion

First Law Law of Inertia

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion

stays in motion until acted upon by a force.

Inertia is resistance to motion related to mass.

Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.

Simply put

We must exert force to

move objects
move ourselves

Greater inertia means that

it is harder to move
more force application is required

Objects but also ones own body

Swinging a Bat

What must a child learn about inertia?

What must a child learn about momentum?

Think about common mistakes

or the cues to correct them
Newtons Second Law:
Acceleration

Objects force is related to mass and acceleration (F = m a).

Objects acceleration is related to force applied and inversely

related to mass
(a = F / m).

Its Easier to throw (accelerate) a baseball than a bowling

ball
How do we move an object
further faster?
Increase the force applied to the object

Increase the distance and time of force application

Adding Distance to Improve
a Kick
Increase step length (linear
distance).

Increase range of motion

(rotational distance).
Newtons Third Law: Action
Reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

When you push something (like the ground) it pushes back

Examples?

Forces being aided by opposing movements

 Force Generation Aided
by Oppositional Movements
What about kicking and striking?

How does one exploit the principles of motion in these

movements

Increase velocity (speed of rotation)

Maximize the length of the limb at contact/release
Force and Time

To make an object move, increase force application for a given

time.

To make an object stop, increase time over which a given force

is applied.

Example: soft landing in gymnastics

Question

What developmental skills involve learning to absorb force?

Stability and Balance

Stability: ability to resist movement

Balance: ability to maintain equilibrium

Stabilitymobility trade of
The more mobile the less stabile and vise versa
Increasing stability

How can we increase stability?

Increase base of support

Lower center of mass

Which position is most stable?

Examples from sport or everyday life

Increasing balance

Improve stability

Increase strength, coordination, and proprioception

Summary

1. Motion and stability are two principles of biomechanics that act

as constraints that govern how an individual interacts with the
environment when performing a task.

2. An understanding and movement experiences with motion and

stability can lead to better control and performance of motor
skills.

3. Stability and balance are two mechanical principles involved in

efficient and skilled movement.