A MINOR PROJECT

REPORT
ON
GEOTEXTILES
Submitted By:
Neeva Dahal
2213830
 INTRODUCTION

A geotextile is a synthetic permeable textile material

used with soil, rock, or any other geotechnical
engineering related material.
Geo textiles also called geosynthetics, are generally
associated with high-standard all-season roads, but can
be used in low-standard logging roads.
A geotextile is designed to be permeable to allow the
flow of fluids through it or in it, and a geomembrane is
designed to restrict the fluid flow.
Figure: Geotextiles
TYPES OF GEOTEXTILE

In general, the vast majority of geotextiles are made from

polypropylene or polyester formed into fabrics as follows:
1) Woven monofilament
2) Woven multifilament
3) Woven slit-film monofilament
4) Woven slit-film multifilament
5) Nonwoven continuous filament heat bonded
6) Nonwoven continuous filament needle-punched
7) Nonwoven staple needle-punched
8) Nonwoven resin bonded
9) Knitted
Applications:

Modern geotextiles are usually made from synthetic

polymers- polypropylenes, polyesters, polyethylene's,
and polyamides - which do not decay under biological
and chemical processes.
This makes them useful in road construction and
maintenance.
 RAW MATERIALS OF
GEOTEXTILES
Polyester Polyamide Polypropylene Polyethylene
Strength H M L L
Elastic modulus H M L L
Strain at failure M M H H
Creep L M H H
Unit weight H M L L
Cost H M L L
Resistance to:
U.V. light
H M H H
stabilized
unstabilized H M M L
Alkalis L H H H
Fungus, vermin M M M H
Fuel M M L L
Detergents H H H H
Non-Woven

The nonwoven fabric, which looks like a felt fabric, is an

arrangement of fibres either oriented or randomly patterned
in a sheet.
Materials commonly made out of non-woven fabric include
upholstered furniture coverings and cloth interiors of
automobiles.
These fabrics can be manufactured in a variety of ways,
bonding fibres together using chemical, thermal or
mechanical processes.
Non-woven geotextile fabric is more likely to stretch than
woven geotextile.
It has the ability to let water flow along the plane of the
geotextile.
Figure: Non-woven Geotextiles
Woven geo textile
The woven geotextile, which looks like burlap, is a
sheet made of two sets of parallel strands
systematically interlaced to form a thin, flat fabric.
Woven geotextiles can be composed of monofilaments
or multifilament yarns.
Multifilament woven construction produces the highest
strength and modulus of all the constructions but are
also the highest cost.
A monofilament fibers are thin and flat and made by
cutting sheets of plastic into narrow strips. This type of
woven geotextile is relatively inexpensive and is used
for separation, i.e., the prevention of intermixing of
two materials such as aggregate and fine-grained soil.
Figure: Woven Geotextiles
Geo Textiles in Road Industry

In the road industry there are four primary uses for

geotextiles:
1) Separation
2) Drainage
3) Filtration
4) Reinforcement
 In separation, inserting a properly designed geotextile
will keep layers of different sized particles separated
from one another.
In drainage, water is allowed to pass either downward
through the geotextile into the subsoil, or laterally
within the geotextile which functions as a drain.
In filtration, the fabric allows water to move through
the soil while restricting the movement of soil particles.
In reinforcement, the geotextile can actually
strengthen the earth or it can increase apparent soil
support. For example, when placed on sand it
distributes the load evenly to reduce rutting.
 Geotextiles now are most widely used for stabilizing
roads through separation and drainage.
When the native soil beneath a road is very silty, or
constantly wet and mucky then its natural strength may
be too low to support common traffic loads, and it has a
tendency to shift under those loads.
Geotextiles keep the layers of sub grade and base
materials separate and manage water movement
through or off the roadbed.
Geotextiles in separation

Two important criteria for selecting a geotextile for

separation are permeability and strength.
The geotextile used for separation must allow water to move
through it while retaining the soil fines or sand particles.
It should let water pass through it at the same rate or
slightly faster than the adjacent soil.
It must also retain the smallest soil particle size without
clogging or plugging.
In selecting a specific geotextile for separation we must
consider its basic strength properties, grain size distribution
of the sub grade and the sub base and the permeability of
the geotextile.
 Required properties for
separation
Long-term
Mechanical Hydraulic
Performance
Impact Apparent
During resistance opening
UV resistance
installation Elongation at size ( A.O.S.)
break Thickness
Puncture Apparent
Chemical
During resistance opening
stability
construction Elongation at size ( A.O.S.)
UV resistance
break Thickness
Puncture
resistance
Apparent Chemical
After Tear
opening stability
completion of propagation
size ( A.O.S.) Resistance to
construction resistance
Thickness decay
Elongation at
break
Figure: Geotextiles in separation
Geo textiles in pavement Repair:

A major contributor to roadway deterioration is water

beneath a pavement which softens subgrade soil which
destroys pavement structural capacity.
A pavement with a base which becomes saturated as
little as 10% of the time will only have 50% of the life of
a pavement where water is kept out of the base.
Most of this water enters through cracks and pores in
the pavement surface.
 Paving fabrics and repair membranes are engineered to reduce water
infiltration and reflective cracking, thereby saving on costly repaving
cycles.
They have been proven to extend the life of highways, city streets,
parking lots, and airport runways and taxiways.
These kind of geotextiles are used in new asphalt pavements, beneath
overlays of rigid and flexible pavements, and beneath chip-seal
pavements.
Figure: Pavements Repairs
Geo textiles in subsurface
Drainage
Geotextiles have replaced graded soil filters for
drainage of virtually all structures, including
groundwater intercept systems, pavements, building
foundations, dams and walls.
Compared to conventional soil filters, geotextiles offer
advantages by providing a consistent and continuous
filter, reduced excavation, reduced environmental
impact, simplified, higher quality construction and a
substantial reduction in material costs.
 FUNCTION

Mechanical Hydraulic Long-term

Performance
Permanent Influence of Permeability Chemical
drainage normal Thickness properties of
function overburden Apparent water and soil
pressure opening Chemical
size (A.O.S.) stability
Decay
resistance
Temporary Influence of Permeability
drainage normal Thickness
function overburden Apparent
pressure opening
size (A.O.S.)
Figure: Geotextiles in surface drainage
Geotextiles in Filtration
Filtration involves the establishment of a stable
interface between the drain and the surrounding soil.
In all soils water flow will induce the movement of fine
particles. Initially a portion of this fraction will be
halted at the filter interface; some will be halted within
the filter itself while the rest will pass into the drain.
The geotextile provides an ideal interface for the
creation of a reverse filter in the soil adjacent to the
geotextile. The complex needle-punched structure of
the geotextile provides for the retention of fine
particles without reducing the permeability
requirement of the drain.
Geotextiles in reinforcement

Due to their high soil fabric friction coefficient and high

tensile strength, heavy grades of geotextiles are used to
reinforce earth structures allowing the use of local fill
material.
Geotextile-reinforced walls range from construction of
temporary road embankments to permanent structures
remedying slide problems and widening highways
effectively. Such walls can be constructed as noise
barriers or even as abutments for secondary bridges.
Because of their flexibility, these walls can be
constructed in areas where poor foundation material
exists or areas susceptible to earthquake activity.
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THE END