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Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and
the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the
suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to
the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Contents
Physical: Chemical:
pH, Iron,
Turbidity, Arsenic,
Color, Ammonia,
Taste & odor, Nitrate,
TDS, Manganese,
EC, Lead,
Etc. Etc.
Bacteriological:
Bacteria,
Virus,
Protozoa,
Etc.
According to WHO & UNICEF HWTS can pay back up to US$ 60 for every US$ 1
7
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS) invested Source: WHO/UNICEF (2005)
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Low cost and simple HWT options are available suiting local
context of urban and rural settings
Pros: Cons:
Relatively inexpensive Difficult to monitor correct
operation and maintenance
Independent from institutional
(O&M) of technologies
set-up or centralised systems
High self-responsibility required
Deployed faster than
from households
community/centralised drinking
water treatment and supply Each households should be
systems provided with knowledge on
O&M of the system
Improves microbial water quality
and reduces contamination risk Treated water may be lower
between treatment and use quality than that offered by a
well designed, operated and
Wide range of simple, low-cost
maintained community system
technologies are available
Advantages:
Low costs (for free, if container is already
available)
Simple and easy
Disadvantages:
Time intensive
Removes only partially removes turbidity and
pathogens
Good settling requires multiple containers Source: CAWST (2009)
Coagulants
Chemical coagulants:
o PUR Coagulation + Chlorination PUR
Source: Unknown
Disadvantages:
Time intensive
Doesnt remove all pathogens
Coagulants may not available everywhere
Alum block
Source: http://: www.cdc.org [Accessed: 26.06.2010]
Up to 50 % reduction using eight layers of Sari cloth in Bangladesh (HUQ et al. 2010)
Source: ENPHO
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Source: ENPHO
The KANCHAN
Filter
Advantages:
Provides residual chlorine for some
protection against re-contamination
Inexpensive Source: Uknown
Disadvantages:
Does not deactivate parasites like
Guardia, Cryptosporidium and worm
eggs
Requires clear water to be most
effective
Risk of by-product formation if water
has high organic content (i.e. surface
waters) Source: CAWST (2009)
Exposure time:
o 6 hours (bright to 50% cloudy sky) to 2 days (100% cloudy sky)
Step 1: Wash the bottle well the first time you use it
Step 2: Fill up the bottle fully and close the lid well
Advantages:
Free if plastic bottles are reused
Relies on renewable energy and reduces need for traditional energy
Ideal to treat small quantities of water
Does not change the taste of the water
Bottles are convenient for safe water storage and transportation
Simple and easy to use
Disadvantages:
Time-consuming (7 hours exposure)
No residual effect
Disadvantages:
Time-consuming
Relies on traditional energy sources such as
firewood (deforestation) and kerosene/gas,
Linked to respiratory health issues caused by
indoor air pollution
Water often tastes flat (fizzy)
7. References
CAWST (2009): An Introduction to Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, A CAWST Training Manual.
Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/file/78-participant-manual-complete-eng [Accessed: 08.04.2010]
CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter Manual, Design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance. Alberta:
Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/assets/File/Biosand_Filter_%20Manual_Version_10_No_Appendices_Sep09.pdf
[Accessed: 07.04.2010]
CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter. (=Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic). Alberta:
Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/section/1-education-materials [Accessed: 01.04.2010]
CAWST (2009): Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet Compilation (Academic). Center for
Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Available at:
http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs/section/1-education-materials [Accessed: 01.04.2010]
ENPHO (2010): Water Quality in Nepal: Compilation of WQ studies conducted by ENPHO with various agencies.
ENPHO (2008): Water Quality Testing at five municipalities in Nepal.
HUQ, A., YUNUS, M., SOHEL, S.S., BHUIYA, A., EMCH, M., LUBY, S.P., RUSSEK-COHEN, E., BALAKRISH
NAIR, G., BRADLEY SACK, R., COLWELL, R.R. (2010): Simple Sari Cloth Filtration of Water Is Sustainable and
Continues To Protect Villagers from Cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. In: mbioasm, Volume 1, Issue 1. Available
at: http://mbio.asm.org/content/1/1/e00034-10.abstract [Accessed: 29.10.2010]
WHO (2007): Combating Waterborne Diseases at the Household Level. Geneva: World Health Organisation
(WHO)
WHO/UNICEF (2005): Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Water for Life: Making it
Happen. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO)
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS)
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